Simple Chemical Methods for Thin Film Deposition: Synthesis and Applications

本書探討了具有多樣化奈米結構形態的薄膜沉積化學方法及其應用。與自上而下的技術不同，化學方法提供了低成本、簡單性，並能輕鬆實現從小規模到大規模區域的奈米結構表面架構的生長。本書主要集中於在一個平台上創新的十二種薄膜沉積化學方法。由於每種方法都有其優缺點，因此根據目標應用的類型，選擇特定材料的特定方法至關重要。由於涵蓋了多樣的化學沉積方法，研究人員將能夠了解最佳的沉積方法選擇。本書討論的包括化學浴沉積、連續離子層吸附與反應、離子交換、無電沉積、電沉積、水熱法、噴霧熱解、旋轉塗佈、浸塗、刮刀塗佈、絲網印刷和溶膠-凝膠等方法。

選擇正確的程序以將材料沉積為薄膜形式，取決於其獨特的過程參數，這些參數基於應用的類型及其要求。薄膜所需的準備因素在結構和表面形態、電導率和光學帶隙等相關性質上扮演著重要角色，這些內容已被廣泛討論，並附有薄膜合成的基礎科學。本書提供了化學方法在薄膜合成及其應用領域的全面概述。除了合成外，本書還涵蓋了薄膜的表徵、儀器設備及其工業應用。因此，這些集中技術將對大學/學院教授、學生、新工程師以及該領域的博士後研究人員和科學家們產生極大的興趣。

B.R. SANKAPAL is Professor and formerly Head, Department of Physics, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. Dr Sankapal served as Chairman, Board of Studies for the Department of Physics and Associate Dean (Exam) for VNIT. He received his PhD degree from Shivaji University Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India, in 2001. Earlier, he worked as Scientist at Helmholtz Centre, Berlin, Germany; JSPS-Postdoctoral Fellow at Gifu University, Japan; and Research Associate at the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA. Dr Sankapal has research expertise in synthesis of nanomaterials, quantum dots, nanowires and nanotubes of inorganic semiconducting materials by using simple and low-cost chemical routes towards solar cell, sensors, and super capacitors device grade developments.

With more than 25 years of research experience, Dr Sankapal was nominated for the Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar Award in 2018 by the Director, VNIT. He is recipient of the Young Scientist-Outstanding work presentation award by Material Research Society, Japan (MRS-J), in 2005 and by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), the Government of India, to participate in the meeting of Nobel Laureates in Lindau, Germany, in 2001. Dr Sankapal has supervised 16 PhD and 20 graduate students. He has 165 publications to his credit with average impact factor above 5 with Google Scholar h-Index 49 with citations above 6000. His name is listed in the World's Top 2% Scientist 2020 and 2021 as per the Stanford's University data. Dr. Sankapal completed 9 major research projects from DST, SERB, DAE-BRNS and UGC funding agencies. He is Fellow of the Maharashtra Academy of Sciences, Member of the Institute of Physics, UK, The Indian Science Congress Association, Indian Association of Physics Teachers, and Material Research Society of India.

AHMED ENNAOUI is former Professor at the Heterogeneous Material Department, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB), Germany, and President of the Scientific Council of IRESEN (Research Institute for Solar Energy and New Energies), Morocco. Earlier, he worked as Associate Professor at Université Mohammed V (UM5), Morocco, before joining HZB, in 1983. During his career at HZB, he served as visiting professor at Osaka University, Japan, and taught graduate students advanced courses on thin film chalcogenide materials for PV application. He worked as Research Director of Solar Energy group at Qatar Environmental and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), from 2015-2017; and Professor at Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar. He is a permanent member of the editorial board of Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells and an IEEE senior member. A material scientist, Prof Ennaoui has graduated (magna cum laude) from the University de Bourgogne, France, and earned his Doctoral thesis (summa cum laude) in solid state electronics, in 1979. He conducted research at Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin (HMI), and obtained his habilitation (Doctorat d´état, summa cum laude), in 1987. Ennaoui worked as Scientist at HZB before he was promoted to head a research group pursuing research on several European Union's Framework programs for PV Technological Development, in 2000.

Ennaoui's research interests are primarily focused on low-cost emerging thin film technologies and recently worked on ink formulation and D-O-D inkjet printing. He also explored 2D-layered, superhydrophobic materials coating and photoactive electrodes and photoelectrochemical solar cells (PEC). With more than 300 journal articles and h-index 50, he has supervised more than 40 PhD theses and more than 15 post-doctors. In 2019, he founded Virtuasl-Learnin University committed to sciences and techniques and online-opening lectures. Recently, he is listed by Stanford University as one of the top 2% of researchers in the world out of 224,856 researchers in applied physics ranked by the prestigious American university. Per the AD Scientific Index, his Morocco Country rank is among the top 2%. Professor Ennaoui has contributed to the development of renewable energies by following the completion of IRESEN's research and development projects, by organising international conferences in Morocco on green energies and through the virtual university of which he is the founder.

RAM B. GUPTA is Professor and Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Affairs at the College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA. After joining the College of Engineering, in 2014, he significantly enhanced its national reputation as an engine of education and research and made important contributions to the success of student, staff and faculty. At the College of Engineering, he has been responsible for sponsored research programs, graduate education, facilities, centers and institutes. Widely regarded asone of the nation's leading researchers on sustainable energy, materials and technologies. Earlier, Prof. Gupta served the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) as the Director of the Energy for Sustainability Program. Presently, he extends his expert help to NSF in its Engineering Research Centers program.

Professor Gupta began his career as Teacher of engineering at Auburn University, USA, risen through the ranks and served as the Chair of the Graduate Program at the Department of Chemical Engineering. For his academic excellence, he has been given many notable awards, endowed professorships, and 54 research grants. He was ranked among top 2% most cited researchers in his field in 2021. He is Fellow of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers and of the Alabama Academy of Science. He received Bachelor of Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, masters from the University of Calgary, and PhD from the University of Texas at Austin, USA, all in Chemical Engineering. After that, he completed postdoctoral work at the University of California, Berkeley. Recently, he completed Management Development Program at Harvard University, USA. Professor Gupta has published several books on sustainable development goal (SDG) topics: Nanoparticle Technology for Drug Delivery; Solubility in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide; Hydrogen Fuel: Production, Transport, and Storage; Gasoline, Diesel and Ethanol Biofuels from Grasses and Plants; and Compendium of Hydrogen Energy. A frequent keynote speaker and writer on the new developments and innovations, his articles have been published by several leading media houses: such as Virginia Business, Reuters, London Daily Mail, Japan News, Science Newsline, Chemistry News, and Agriculture Markets.

CHNADRAKANT D. LOKHANDE is Dean of the Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies, and Research Director of D.Y. Patil Education Society, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India. Earlier, he was Professor and Head of the Department of Physics, and Director of the International Affairs Cell, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India. He received his PhD from Shivaji University, Kolhapur, in 1984, Immediately after accomplishing his first postdoctoral stay at the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, he joined Shivaji University as Assistant Professor of Physics in 1987, where he later became Professor and Head. He was appointed as Fellow of Institute of Physics, London, in 1990; was visiting scientist in the Indo-Polish CEP scheme, in 1991; was INSA Visiting Fellow, in 1993; is the first recipient from Shivaji University of the prestigious Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship, Germany, in 1996; and Brain Pool fellowship of South Korea, in 2003; was participant in the Noble Laureates Meeting, Lindau, Germany, in 2001; was Visiting Professor at Hanyang University, South Korea, in 2006; was awarded a Rajya Shishak Purshakar, Government of Maharashtra, in 2009; and the Best Teacher Award from Shivaji University, in 2010.

His areas of research interest are thin film technology, ranging from chemical synthesis of thin films to their applications in solar cells, gas sensors, and supercapacitors. He made a great contribution in designing several prototype devices such as supercapacitors and heterojunction-based room temperature gas sensors. He is on the editorial board of the Electrochemical Energy Technology journal; Fellow of the Maharashtra Academy of Sciences, from 2012; an expert member and a distinguished Visiting Professor in polymer chemistry of the Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, from 2012. An author of more than 600 research papers published in several international journals with "h" index 99 and more than 35,600 citations, Prof. Lokhande has edited 11 books, filed more than 65 patents, and guides more than 66 PhD students. He has been listed at the first position in top 2% scientists in the subject of Applied Physics in India as per the Stanford University Survey.

B.R. SANKAPAL 是印度馬哈拉施特拉邦納格浦爾的維斯維斯瓦拉亞國立技術學院（VNIT）物理系教授及前系主任。Sankapal 博士曾擔任物理系學術委員會主席及 VNIT 副院長（考試）。他於 2001 年在印度馬哈拉施特拉邦的希瓦吉大學獲得博士學位。之前，他曾在德國柏林的亥姆霍茲中心擔任科學家；在日本岐阜大學擔任 JSPS 博士後研究員；以及在美國威斯康辛州密爾瓦基大學擔任研究助理。Sankapal 博士在合成納米材料、量子點、納米線和無機半導體材料的納米管方面具有研究專長，並使用簡單且低成本的化學方法開發太陽能電池、傳感器和超級電容器的器件級應用。

擁有超過 25 年的研究經驗，Sankapal 博士於 2018 年被 VNIT 校長提名為香提·斯瓦羅普·巴特納加獎的候選人。他於 2005 年獲得日本材料研究學會（MRS-J）頒發的青年科學家傑出工作報告獎，並於 2001 年獲得印度政府科學技術部（DST）頒發的獎項，以參加在德國林道的諾貝爾獎得主會議。Sankapal 博士指導了 16 位博士生和 20 位碩士生。他的出版物達 165 篇，平均影響因子超過 5，Google Scholar h-Index 為 49，引用次數超過 6000。他的名字根據史丹佛大學的數據列入 2020 年和 2021 年全球前 2% 科學家名單。Sankapal 博士完成了來自 DST、SERB、DAE-BRNS 和 UGC 資助機構的 9 個重大研究項目。他是馬哈拉施特拉科學院的院士，英國物理學會會員，印度科學大會會員，印度物理教師協會會員，以及印度材料研究學會會員。

AHMED ENNAOUI 是德國亥姆霍茲中心（HZB）異質材料系的前教授，並擔任摩洛哥 IRESEN（太陽能與新能源研究所）科學委員會主席。早前，他於 1983 年在摩洛哥穆罕默德五世大學（UM5）擔任副教授，然後加入 HZB。在 HZB 的職業生涯中，他曾擔任日本大阪大學的訪問教授，並教授研究生有關薄膜硫族化合物材料在光伏應用中的高級課程。他於 2015 至 2017 年擔任卡塔爾環境與能源研究所（QEERI）太陽能小組的研究主任，並在卡塔爾哈馬德·本·哈利法大學（HBKU）擔任教授。他是《Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells》期刊的編輯委員會永久成員，也是 IEEE 的高級會員。作為材料科學家，Ennaoui 教授以優異的成績畢業於法國勃艮第大學，並於 1979 年獲得固態電子學的博士學位（summa cum laude）。他曾在柏林哈恩-梅特納研究所（HMI）進行研究，並於 1987 年獲得博士後資格（Doctorat d'état, summa cum laude）。Ennaoui 在 HZB 擔任科學家，後於 2000 年晉升為研究小組負責人，專注於多個歐盟框架計劃的光伏技術開發研究。

Ennaoui 的研究興趣主要集中在低成本新興薄膜技術上，最近他在墨水配方和 D-O-D 噴墨印刷方面進行了研究。他還探索了 2D 層狀超疏水材料的塗層、光活性電極和光電化學太陽能電池（PEC）。擁有超過 300 篇期刊文章和 h-index 50，他指導了超過 40 篇博士論文和 15 位以上的博士後研究員。2019 年，他創立了 Virtuasl-Learnin 大學，致力於科學和技術以及線上開放講座。最近，他被史丹佛大學列為全球前 2% 的研究人員之一，在應用物理領域的 224,856 名研究人員中排名。根據 AD Scientific Index，