Plant Biomechanics: From Structure to Function at Multiple Scales
暫譯: 植物生物力學：從結構到多尺度功能

這本書提供了有關植物運作原理的重要見解，強調結構與功能之間的關係。它描述了結構和機械參數的定量測定，例如組織的材料特性，與特定特徵的相關性，例如組織導水的能力或抵抗彎曲力的能力，這將使植物生物力學的進階分析成為可能。這些知識使研究人員能夠理解植物器官在其生命週期中以及在環境因素影響下所發生的發展變化。

作者提供了植物結構與功能的最新狀態概述，以及它們如何與生物體的機械行為相關，例如植物在重力向量下生長的能力或抵抗風力的能力。他們還展示了植物在缺乏肌肉或細胞遷移的情況下，實現器官運動和形態發生所採用的複雜策略。

因此，這本書不僅吸引目前從事植物科學和生物物理學的科學家，也激勵未來的世代在這個領域追求自己的研究。

Anja Geitmann

Dr. Geitmann is the Dean of the Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences and Associate Vice-Principal (Macdonald Campus) of McGill University in Montreal, Canada. She holds the Canada Research Chair in Biomechanics of Plant Development and leads an interdisciplinary team of biologists and engineers. Her research group is affiliated with the Department of Plant Science located at the Macdonald Campus. Dr. Geitmann is actively involved with several learned societies. In 2013-2015 she served as President of the Microscopical Society of Canada and she was the President of the Canadian Society of Plant Biologists in 2015-2017 following mandates as Vice-President and Education Director. She is the Vice-President of the International Association of Plant Reproduction Research and she serves on the editorial boards of multiple scientific journals including Plant Physiology and The Cell Surface.

Dr. Geitmann obtained her PhD in Environmental Biology in 1997 from the University of Siena (Italy), following undergraduate and graduate studies in biology at the University of Constance (Germany), Oregon State University (USA), and Stockholm University (Sweden). From 1997 to 2001 she performed postdoctoral research at the Université Laval, Québec, and at the University of Wageningen, the Netherlands. In 2001, she was recruited as a faculty member by the Department of Biological Sciences of the Université de Montréal and the Institut de recherche en biologie végétale. She taught Plant Anatomy, Microscopy, and Scientific Communication at undergraduate and graduate levels, respectively before moving to McGill University in 2015. Dr. Geitmann has organized numerous international conferences and workshops including a NATO Workshop on Tip Growth, joint meetings between the American and Canadian Societies of Plant Biology, and an international Workshop on Cell Wall Mechanics at the Banff International Research Station. In 2018, she organized the 9th International Plant Biomechanics Conference in Montreal.

Dr. Geitmann investigates the mechanical aspects of processes involved in plant growth and reproduction. Her research combines cell biology with engineering methodology and focuses on the intracellular processes that lead to the formation of differentiated cell shapes, plant organs and functional tissues. These studies aim at understanding the interrelation between the primary cell wall and turgor, as well as the intracellular transport processes regulating cell wall assembly and mechanical behavior. One of the model cell types investigated is the pollen tube, a very rapidly growing plant cell that has the capacity to penetrate tissues, direct its growth following guidance cues, and to deliver the sperm cells during plant fertilization. Dr. Geitmann's research group has developed sophisticated experimental and computational tools enabling researchers to answer questions such as how the pollen tube turns and how it exerts invasive forces. In other research projects her team investigates how plant cells undergo morphogenesis to generate intricate geometrical shapes and mechanical tissues with specific material properties.

Joseph Gril Dr. Gril holds a CNRS senior scientist position in mechanical engineering science and currently leads a French consortium of institutions and researchers involved in wood science. Dr. Gril graduated from Ecole Polytechnique in 1981 and from Ecole du Génie rural des Eaux et des Forêts in 1983. In 1988, he obtained a PhD in Mechanical Engineering from Paris 6 University. He was hired as a CNRS researcher in 1989 and worked in the Laboratory of Mechanics and Civil Engineering (LMGC) where in 2004 he succeeded Bernard Thibaut as leader of a research group devoted to basic and applied knowledge on wood, tree biomechanics, support of research in developing countries, introduction of wood culture in university curricula. In 2008 and 2009 he worked 5 months in the Research Institute of Sustainable Humanosphere as invited professor of Kyoto University. In 2017, he moved to Clermont-Ferrand where he joined Institut Pascal with a part-time position in the group 'Physique et Physiologie Intégrative de l'Arbre en Environnement Fluctuant (PIAF)'.

Joseph Gril established collaborations with wood scientists in Europe, Japan, China, Morocco, Iran, etc. where he contributed through data analysis and modelling. He contributed significantly to the progress of wood mechanics in Europe through active networking activity through the COST system, for instance as vice-chair of Actions E50 "Cell-wall macromolecules and reaction wood" (2005-2009) and IE0601 "Wood science for conservation of cultural heritage" (2007-2011). He won the CNRS silver medal in 2003 and since 2004 leads the mechanical study of the wooden support of Leonardo da Vinci's famous painting Mona Lisa. He has organized several international conferences mostly in connection with COST Actions. He co-organized the 8th International Plant Biomechanics Conference in Nagoya and served on the International Advisory Committee for the 9th Conference in Montreal.

Dr. Gril studies how wood performs its mechanical functions both in man-made objects and in living trees. He models the time-dependent deformation of wood subjected to changing climate and the relationships between structure and properties. He studies how the process of wood formation contributes to the material variability by generating mechanical interactions between tissues and collaborates with restorers to improve the conservation of ancient wooden objects. In 2012, he obtained the support of several CNRS Institutes to launch GDR3544, a multidisciplinary network aiming at the promotion of wood research and education through the organization of annual meetings, workshops, training schools and individual scientific missions. Renewed once until 2020, this network currently groups about 500 staff and 150 students from 100 French laboratories, as well as 100 scientists from 25 countries.

安雅·蓋特曼（Anja Geitmann）

蓋特曼博士是加拿大蒙特利爾麥吉爾大學農業與環境科學院的院長及麥克唐納校區的副校長。她擔任植物發育生物力學的加拿大研究主席，並領導一個由生物學家和工程師組成的跨學科團隊。她的研究小組隸屬於位於麥克唐納校區的植物科學系。蓋特曼博士積極參與多個學術社團。她在2013至2015年間擔任加拿大顯微學會的會長，並在2015至2017年間擔任加拿大植物生物學會的會長，之前曾擔任副會長和教育主任。她是國際植物繁殖研究協會的副會長，並在多本科學期刊的編輯委員會中任職，包括《植物生理學》（Plant Physiology）和《細胞表面》（The Cell Surface）。

蓋特曼博士於1997年在意大利錫耶納大學獲得環境生物學博士學位，之前在德國康斯坦茨大學、美國俄勒岡州立大學和瑞典斯德哥爾摩大學完成本科和研究生學業。從1997年到2001年，她在加拿大魁北克的拉瓦爾大學和荷蘭瓦赫寧根大學進行博士後研究。2001年，她被蒙特利爾大學生物科學系及植物生物學研究所聘為教職員。她在本科和研究生層次教授植物解剖學、顯微鏡學和科學溝通，並於2015年轉至麥吉爾大學。蓋特曼博士組織了多次國際會議和研討會，包括北約關於尖端生長的研討會、美國和加拿大植物生物學會的聯合會議，以及在班夫國際研究站舉辦的細胞壁力學國際研討會。2018年，她在蒙特利爾組織了第九屆國際植物生物力學會議。

蓋特曼博士研究植物生長和繁殖過程中的機械方面。她的研究結合了細胞生物學和工程方法，專注於導致分化細胞形狀、植物器官和功能性組織形成的細胞內過程。這些研究旨在理解初級細胞壁與膨壓之間的相互關係，以及調節細胞壁組裝和機械行為的細胞內運輸過程。研究的一個模型細胞類型是花粉管，這是一種生長非常迅速的植物細胞，能夠穿透組織，根據指導信號引導其生長，並在植物受精過程中傳遞精子細胞。蓋特曼博士的研究小組開發了複雜的實驗和計算工具，使研究人員能夠回答如花粉管如何轉向及其如何施加侵入性力量等問題。在其他研究項目中，她的團隊研究植物細胞如何經歷形態發生，以生成具有特定材料特性的複雜幾何形狀和機械組織。

約瑟夫·格里爾（Joseph Gril）博士擔任法國國家科學研究中心（CNRS）機械工程科學的高級科學家，目前領導一個涉及木材科學的法國機構和研究人員的聯盟。格里爾博士於1981年畢業於巴黎綜合理工學院（Ecole Polytechnique），並於1983年畢業於法國農業與森林工程學院（Ecole du Génie rural des Eaux et des Forêts）。1988年，他在巴黎第六大學獲得機械工程博士學位。1989年，他被聘為CNRS研究員，並在機械與土木工程實驗室（LMGC）工作，2004年接替伯納德·蒂博（Bernard Thibaut）成為專注於木材、樹木生物力學、支持發展中國家的研究及將木材文化引入大學課程的研究小組負責人。2008年和2009年，他在京都大學擔任客座教授，於可持續人類圈研究所工作五個月。2017年，他移居克萊蒙費朗，加入帕斯卡爾研究所，擔任「波動環境下樹木的整合物理與生理（PIAF）」小組的兼職職位。

格里爾博士與歐洲、日本、中國、摩洛哥、伊朗等地的木材科學家建立了合作關係，通過數據分析和建模做出了貢獻。他通過COST系統的積極網絡活動，顯著推進了歐洲的木材力學進展，例如擔任E50「細胞壁大分子與反應木材」（2005-2009）和IE0601「文化遺產保護的木材科學」（2007-2011）的副主席。他於2003年獲得CNRS銀獎，自2004年以來領導對達文西著名畫作《蒙娜麗莎》木製支撐的機械研究。他組織了幾次國際會議，主要與COST行動有關。他共同組織了在名古屋舉行的第八屆國際植物生物力學會議，並在第九屆會議的國際諮詢委員會中任職。

格里爾博士研究木材在人工物體和活樹中的機械功能。他對受氣候變化影響的木材時間依賴性變形及其結構與性質之間的關係進行建模。他研究木材形成過程如何通過在組織之間產生機械相互作用來促進材料變異，並與修復專家合作以改善古老木製物品的保護。2012年，他獲得多個CNRS研究所的支持，啟動GDR3544，這是一個多學科網絡，旨在通過組織年度會議、研討會、培訓學校和個別科學任務來促進木材研究和教育。該網絡於2020年重新啟動，目前聚集了來自100個法國實驗室的約500名工作人員和150名學生，以及來自25個國家的100名科學家。