Determination of Target Xenobiotics and Unknown Compound Residues in Food, Environmental, and Biological Samples
暫譯: 食品、環境及生物樣本中目標外來物質及未知化合物殘留的鑑定

Xenobiotics（外來物質）是指對特定生物系統而言的外來化學化合物。在動物和人類中，外來物質包括藥物、藥物代謝物以及環境污染物。在環境中，外來物質包括合成農藥、除草劑和工業污染物。分析外來物質殘留的技術有很多，所選擇的方法取決於樣本的複雜性、基質/分析物的性質以及可用的分析技術。本參考資料將幫助分析師制定有效且經過驗證的分析策略，以快速、準確且以可接受的成本分析數百種不同的外來物質及數百種不同的樣本類型。

Tomasz Tuzimski is adjunct professor in Department of Physical Chemistry at Faculty of Pharmacy with Medical Analytics Division, Medical University of Lublin (Lublin, Poland). His scientific interest include the theory and application of liquid chromatography, taking into considerations optimisation of chromatographic systems for separation and quantitative analysis of analytes in multicomponent mixtures. Dr. Tuzimski was rewarded for his achievements in field of study by chromatographic methods in analytical chemistry of pesticides (series of five publications and monograph T. Tuzimski, E. Soczewiński, Retention and Selectivity of Liquid-Solid Chromatographic Systems for the Analysis of Pesticides (Retention Database) in Problems of Science, Teaching and Therapy. Medical University of Lublin, Poland, No 12, Lublin, October 2002, Medical University of Lublin: Lublin, pp. 1-219) by the Ministry of Health of Poland (individual prize). Dr. Tuzimski was also rewarded as co-author of a handbook for students "Analytical Chemistry" (ed., by R. Kocjan, PZWL, 2000, 2002, 2013 in Polish) by Ministry of Health of the Polish Republic (team prize). Dr. Tuzimski was invited by Professor Szabolcs Nyiredy to three-month practice in the Research Institute for Medicinal Plants in Budakalász (Hungary). The investigations were financially supported by the Educational Exchange Programme between Hungary and Poland - Hungarian Scholarship Board (No. MÖB 2-13-1-44-3554/2005). He actively participated in numerous scientific symposia, where he presented his research results as oral presentations and poster presentations on 25 international meetings and 20 national scientific symposia. Dr. Tuzimski so far published 77 research papers (including 25 individual papers) in journals of high level of impact factors (total IF = 100). He is the author of articles written at the special invitations of editors of Journal Chromatography A, Journal of Liquid Chromatography and Related Technologies and Journal of Planar Chromatography - Modern TLC. Besides above-mentioned monograph, Dr. Tuzimski is the author of chapters: Use of planar chromatography in pesticide residue analysis in: Handbook of pesticides: methods of pesticide residues analysis. Edited by Leo M.L. Nollet and Hamir Singh Rathore, Boca Raton 2010, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, pp. 187-264; Basic principles of planar chromatography and its potential for hyphenated techniques in: High-Performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). [Ed.] ManMohan Srivastava. Springer, Heidelberg 2011, pp. 247-310; Multidimensional chromatography in pesticides analysis in: Pesticides - strategies for pesticides analysis. [Ed.] Margarita Stoytcheva. InTech, Rijeka 2011, pp. 155-196; Determination of pesticides in complex samples by one dimensional (1D-), two-dimensional (2D-) and multidimensional chromatography in: Pesticides in the modern world - trends in pesticide analysis. [Ed.] Margarita Stoytcheva. InTech, Rijeka 2011, pp. 281-318; Pesticide residues in the environment in: Pesticides: evaluation of environmental pollution. [Eds.] Leo M.L. Nollet and Hamir Singh Rathore. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton 2012, pp. 149-204, Advanced spectroscopic detectors for identification and quantification: UV-Visible, fluorescence, and infrared spectroscopy in: Instrumental thin-layer chromatography. [Ed.] Colin F. Poole. Elsevier 2015, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 239-248. He is also co-author with Prof. dr. T. Dzido of chapter: Chambers, sample application and chromatogram development in: Thin-Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry edited by M. Waksmundzka-Hajnos, J. Sherma, T. Kowalska, Boca Raton 2008, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, pp. 119-174. Dr. Tuzimski is recipient of two grants from Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (2005-2008 and 2009-2011) for the study and procedure implementation of new methods of analysis of pesticides in original samples (e.g., water, medicinal herbs, wines, food) with application of modern extraction (QuEChERS) and analytical methods combined with diode array scanning densitometry (and mass (MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)). Dr. Tuzimski reviewed 300 submitted research manuscripts (Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Food Chemistry, Food Analytical Methods, Journal of Separation Science, Journal of Chromatographic Science, Journal of AOAC Int., Journal of Planar Chromatography - Modern TLC). He taught analytical and physical chemistry exercises with second-year students of the Faculty of Pharmacy. He also was instructor in post graduate chromatographic courses for scientific research staff from Polish universities and workers from industry. Dr. hab. Tuzimski is promoter of one doctorate (2017) and research work of 6 masters of pharmacy and supervised the research work of 10 masters of pharmacy. He is member of Polish Pharmaceutical Society. Dr. Tomasz Tuzimski is a member of the editorial board of Acta Chromatographica, The Scientific World Journal/Analytical Chemistry, Advances in Analytical Chemistry, American Journal of Environmental Protection, International Journal of Biotechnology and Food Science (IJBFS), Advancement in Scientific and Engineering Research (ASER). Dr. Tuzimski edited seven Special Sections on pesticide (xenobiotics) residue analysis of Journal of AOAC International (2010, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 (in press)). For CRC/Taylor & Francis Group, Dr. Tuzimski coauthored and coedited with Professor Joseph Sherma the book titled 'High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Pesticide Residue Analysis' (was published in 2015) and this book 'Determination of Target Xenobiotics and Unknown Compounds Residue in Food, Environmental and Biological Samples' (will be published 10/15/2018).

Dr. Tuzimski participates in the panels of experts (AOAC, mandate from 2016 to 2020) in the United States of America to develop new analytical methods; including determination (qualitative and quantitative analysis) of food allergens and Bisphenol A.

Joseph Sherma received a B.S in Chemistry degree from Upsala College, East Orange, NJ, in 1955 and a Ph.D. degree in analytical chemistry from Rutgers, the State University, New Brunswick, NJ, in 1958 under the supervision of the renowned ion exchange chromatography expert Wm. Rieman III. Professor Sherma is currently John D. and Francis H. Larkin Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania; he taught courses in analytical chemistry for more than 40 years, was head of the Chemistry Department for 12 years, and continues to supervise research students at Lafayette. During sabbatical leaves and summers, Professor Sherma did research in the laboratories of the eminent chromatographers Dr. Harold Strain, Dr. Gunter Zweig, Professor James Fritz, Dr. Mel Getz, Dr. Daniel Schwartz, and Professor Joseph Touchstone.

Professor Sherma has authored, coauthored, edited, or coedited more than 870 publications, including research papers and review articles in approximately 60 different peer reviewed analytical chemistry, chromatography, and biological journals; approximately 35 invited book chapters; and more than 70 books and U.S. government agency manuals in the areas of analytical chemistry and chromatography. His prolific undergraduate research program has resulted in 350 published papers coauthored with 191 different students, mostly involving thin layer and column chromatography method development and applications.

In addition to his research in the techniques and applications of thin layer chromatography (TLC), including especially drug analysis, Professor Sherma has a very productive interdisciplinary research program in the use of analytical chemistry to study biological systems with Bernard Fried, Kreider Professor Emeritus of Biology at Lafayette College, with whom he has coauthored the book Thin Layer Chromatography (1^st-4^th editions) and edited the Handbook of Thin Layer Chromatography (1^st-3^rd editions), all published by Marcel Dekker, Inc., as well as coediting Practical Thin Layer Chromatography for CRC Press. Professor Sherma wrote with Dr. Zweig a book titled Paper Chromatography for Academic Press and the first two volumes of the Handbook of Chromatography series for CRC Press, and coedited with him 22 more volumes of the chromatography series and 10 volumes of the series Analytical Methods for Pesticides and Plant Growth Regulators for Academic Press. After Dr. Zweig's death, Professor Sherma edited five additional volumes of the chromatography handbook series and two volumes in the pesticide series. The pesticide series was completed under the title Modern Methods of Pesticide Analysis for CRC Press with two volumes coedited with Dr. Thomas Cairns. Three books on quantitative TLC and advances in TLC were edited jointly with Professor Touchstone for Wiley-Interscience.

Within the CRC/Taylor & Francis Group Chromatographic Science Series, Professor Sherma coedited with Professor Teresa Kowalska Preparative Layer Chromatography and Thin Layer Chromatography in Chiral Separations and Analysis, coedited with Professor Kowalska and Professor Monika Waksmundska-Hajnos Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry, coedited with Professor Waksmundska-Hajnos High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Phytochemical Analysis, coedited with Professor Lukasz Komsta and Professor Waksmundska-Hajnos Thin Layer Chromatography in Drug Analysis, coedited with Professor Tomasz Tuzimski High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Pesticide Residue Analysis, coedited with Professor Kowalska and Professor Mieeczyslaw Sajewicz Planar Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, coedited with Professor Komsta and Professor Yvan Vander Heyden Chemometrics in Chromatography, and coedited with Professors Kowalska and Sajewicz Chromatographic Techniques in Forensic Analysis of Designer Drugs. The 2^nd edition of High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Phytochemical Analysis coedited with Professor Lukasz Ciesla and Professor Waksmundska is currently in preparation.

Professor Sherma served for 23 years as editor for residues and trace elements of the Journal of AOAC International and is currently that journal's Acquisitions Editor. He has guest edited with Professor Fried 20 annual special issues on TLC of the Journal of Liquid Chromatography and Related Technologies and regularly guest edits special sections of issues of the Journal of AOAC International on specific subjects in all areas of analytical chemistry. He also wrote for 12 years an article on modern analytical instrumentation for each issue of the Journal of AOAC International. Professor Sherma has written biennial reviews of planar chromatography that were published in the American Chemical Society journal Analytical Chemistry from 1970 to 2010, and since then in the Central European Journal of Chemistry and the Journal of AOAC International. He has also written biennial reviews of pesticide analysis by TLC since 1982 in the Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies and the Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B. He is now on the editorial boards of the Journal of Planar Chromatography-Modern TLC; Acta Chromatographica; Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B; and Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies.

Professor Sherma was recipient of the 1995 ACS Award for Research at an Undergraduate Institution sponsored by Research Corporation. The first 2009 issue, Volume 12, of Acta Universitatis Cibiensis, Seria F, Chemia was dedicated in honor of Professor Sherma's teaching, research, and publication accomplishments in analytical chemistry and chromatography.

Tomasz Tuzimski 是波蘭盧布林醫科大學藥學院物理化學系的兼任教授，專注於醫學分析領域。他的科學興趣包括液相色譜的理論與應用，考慮到色譜系統的優化，以分離和定量分析多組分混合物中的分析物。Tuzimski 博士因其在農藥分析的色譜方法研究方面的成就而獲得波蘭衛生部的獎勵（個人獎），其研究成果包括五篇出版物和專著《Retention and Selectivity of Liquid-Solid Chromatographic Systems for the Analysis of Pesticides (Retention Database)》，該專著發表於《Problems of Science, Teaching and Therapy》，盧布林醫科大學，波蘭，2002年10月，第12期，頁1-219。Tuzimski 博士還因為擔任《Analytical Chemistry》學生手冊的共同作者而獲得波蘭共和國衛生部的獎勵（團隊獎）。Tuzimski 博士受 Szabolcs Nyiredy 教授的邀請，前往匈牙利 Budakalász 的藥用植物研究所進行為期三個月的實習。該研究得到了匈牙利與波蘭之間的教育交流計劃 - 匈牙利獎學金委員會的資助（編號 MÖB 2-13-1-44-3554/2005）。他積極參加了多個科學研討會，在25場國際會議和20場國內科學研討會上以口頭報告和海報展示他的研究成果。至今，Tuzimski 博士已在高影響因子的期刊上發表了77篇研究論文（包括25篇個人論文），總影響因子為100。他是《Journal Chromatography A》、《Journal of Liquid Chromatography and Related Technologies》和《Journal of Planar Chromatography - Modern TLC》編輯特邀文章的作者。此外，Tuzimski 博士還撰寫了以下章節：Use of planar chromatography in pesticide residue analysis，收錄於《Handbook of pesticides: methods of pesticide residues analysis.》，由 Leo M.L. Nollet 和 Hamir Singh Rathore 編輯，2010年，CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group，頁187-264；Basic principles of planar chromatography and its potential for hyphenated techniques，收錄於《High-Performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC).》，由 ManMohan Srivastava 編輯，2011年，Springer，海德堡，頁247-310；Multidimensional chromatography in pesticides analysis，收錄於《Pesticides - strategies for pesticides analysis.》，由 Margarita Stoytcheva 編輯，2011年，InTech，里耶卡，頁155-196；Determination of pesticides in complex samples by one dimensional (1D-), two-dimensional (2D-) and multidimensional chromatography，收錄於《Pesticides in the modern world - trends in pesticide analysis.》，由 Margarita Stoytcheva 編輯，2011年，InTech，里耶卡，頁281-318；Pesticide residues in the environment，收錄於《Pesticides: evaluation of environmental pollution.》，由 Leo M.L. Nollet 和 Hamir Singh Rathore 編輯，CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group，2012年，頁149-204；Advanced spectroscopic detectors for identification and quantification: UV-Visible, fluorescence, and infrared spectroscopy，收錄於《Instrumental thin-layer chromatography.》，由 Colin F. Poole 編輯，2015年，Elsevier，阿姆斯特丹，荷蘭，頁239-248。他還與 T. Dzido 教授共同撰寫了章節：Chambers, sample application and chromatogram development，收錄於《Thin-Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry》，由 M. Waksmundzka-Hajnos、J. Sherma 和 T. Kowalska 編輯，2008年，CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group，頁119-174。Tuzimski 博士獲得了波蘭科學與高等教育部的兩項資助（2005-2008 和 2009-2011），用於研究和實施新農藥分析方法，針對原始樣品（例如水、藥用草本、葡萄酒、食品），並應用現代萃取（QuEChERS）和分析方法，結合二極體陣列掃描密度測定法（及質譜（MS）或串聯質譜（MS/MS））。Tuzimski 博士審查了300篇提交的研究手稿（《Journal of Chromatography A》、《Journal of Chromatography B》、《Food Chemistry》、《Food Analytical Methods》、《Journal of Separation Science》、《Journal of Chromatographic Science》、《Journal of AOAC Int.》、《Journal of Planar Chromatography - Modern TLC》）。他教授藥學院二年級學生的分析化學和物理化學實習課程，並擔任波蘭大學的科學研究人員和業界工作者的研究生色譜課程的講師。Tuzimski 博士是1位博士生的指導教授（2017年），並指導了6位藥學碩士的研究工作，監督了10位藥學碩士的研究工作。他是波蘭藥學會的成員。Tomasz Tuzimski 博士是《Acta Chromatographica》、《The Scientific World Journal/Analytical Chemistry》、《Advances in Analytical Chemistry》、《American Journal of Environmental Protection》、《International Journal of Biotechnology and Food Science (IJBFS)》、《Advancement in Scientific and Engineering Research (ASER)》的編輯委員會成員。Tuzimski 博士編輯了《Journal of AOAC International》上關於農藥（外源性物質）殘留分析的七個特別專題（2010、2012、2014、2015、2016、2017、2018（即將出版））。在 CRC/Taylor & Francis Group，Tuzimski 博士與 Joseph Sherma 教授共同撰寫和編輯了名為《High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Pesticide Residue Analysis》的書籍（於2015年出版），以及這本書《Determination of Target Xenobiotics and Unknown Compounds Residue in Food, Environmental and Biological Samples》（將於2018年10月15日出版）。

Tuzimski 博士參加了美國的專家小組（AOAC，任期2016至2020），以開發新的分析方法；包括食品過敏原和雙酚A的定性和定量分析。

Joseph Sherma 於1955年在新澤西州東橙的 Upsala College 獲得化學學士學位，並於1958年在新澤西州新布倫瑞克的羅格斯大學獲得分析化學博士學位，指導教授為著名的離子交換色譜專家 Wm. Rieman III。Sherma 教授目前是賓夕法尼亞州東頓的拉法葉學院化學系約翰·D·和法蘭西斯·H·拉金名譽教授；他教授分析化學課程超過40年，擔任化學系主任12年，並繼續在拉法葉指導研究生。在休假和暑假期間，Sherma 教授曾在著名色譜學家 Dr. Harold Strain、Dr. Gunter Zweig、Professor James Fritz、Dr. Mel Getz、Dr. Daniel Schwartz 和 Professor Joseph Touchstone 的實驗室進行研究。

Sherma 教授已發表、共同發表、編輯或共同編輯超過870篇出版物，包括約60種不同的同行評審分析化學、色譜和生物學期刊的研究論文和綜述文章；約35篇特邀書章；以及超過70本關於分析化學和色譜的書籍和美國政府機構手冊。他的本科生研究計劃已產生350篇與191名不同學生共同發表的論文，主要涉及薄層色譜和柱色譜方法的開發和應用。

除了在薄層色譜（TLC）技術和應用方面的研究，尤其是藥物分析外，Sherma 教授還與拉法葉學院的生物學名譽教授 Bernard Fried 進行了非常富有成效的跨學科研究，利用分析化學研究生物系統，並共同撰寫了《Thin Layer Chromatography》（第1至4版）和編輯《Handbook of Thin Layer Chromatography》（第1至3版），這些書籍均由 Marcel Dekker, Inc. 出版，並共同編輯了 CRC Press 的《Practical Thin Layer Chromatography》。Sherma 教授與 Dr. Zweig 合著了名為《Paper Chromatography》的書籍，並為 Academic Press 編寫了《Handbook of Chromatography》系列的前兩卷，並與他共同編輯了22卷色譜系列和10卷《Analytical Methods for Pesticides and Plant Growth Regulators》系列的書籍。Dr. Zweig 去世後，Sherma 教授編輯了五卷色譜手冊系列和兩卷農藥系列。農藥系列以《Modern Methods of Pesticide Analysis》為題完成，與 Dr. Thomas Cairns 共同編輯了兩卷。與 Professor Touchstone 共同編輯了三本關於定量 TLC 和 TLC 進展的書籍，出版於 Wiley-Interscience。

在 CRC/Taylor & Francis Group 的色譜科學系列中，Sherma 教授與 Teresa Kowalska 教授共同編輯了《Preparative Layer Chromatography》和《Thin Layer Chromatography in Chiral Separations and Analysis》，與 Kowalska 教授和 Monika Waksmundska-Hajnos 教授共同編輯了《Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry》，與 Waksmundska-Hajnos 教授共同編輯了《High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Phytochemical Analysis》，與 Lukasz Komsta 教授和 Waksmundska-Hajnos 教授共同編輯了《Thin Layer Chromatography in Drug Analysis》，與 Tomasz Tuzimski 教授共同編輯了《High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Pesticide Residue Analysis》，與 Kowalska 教授和 Mieczyslaw Sajewicz 教授共同編輯了《Planar Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry》，與 Komsta 教授和 Yvan Vander Heyden 教授共同編輯了《Chemometrics in Chromatography》，以及與 Kowalska 教授和 Sajewicz 教授共同編輯了《Chromatographic Techniques in Forensic Analysis of Designer Drugs》。與 Lukasz Ciesla 教授和 Waksmundska 教授共同編輯的《High Performance Liquid Chromatography in Phytochemical Analysis》第2版目前正在準備中。

Sherma 教授在《Journal of AOAC International》擔任了23年的殘留物和微量元素編輯，並目前是該期刊的採購編輯。他與 Fried 教授共同編輯了《Journal of Liquid Chromatography and Related Technologies》的20期薄層色譜年度特刊，並定期擔任《Journal of AOAC International》特定主題的特刊客編。他還在《Journal of AOAC International》的每期撰寫了12年的現代分析儀器文章。Sherma 教授自1970年至2010年在美國化學學會期刊《Analytical Chemistry》上撰寫了薄層色譜的雙年回顧，並自那時起在《Central European Journal of Chemistry》和《Journal of AOAC International》上發表。他自1982年以來在《Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies》和《Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B》上撰寫了薄層色譜農藥分析的雙年回顧。他目前是《Journal of Planar Chromatography - Modern TLC》、《Acta Chromatographica》、《Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B》和《Journal of Liquid Chromatography》的編輯委員會成員。