無人機原理、應用與防控
周斌 主編 劉晶 馮波 楊德祥 李常青 副主編
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目 錄
第1章 無人機概論 ·······································································1
1.1 無人機簡介 ······················································································2
1.2 無人機發展簡史 ················································································4
1.2.1 產生背景 ··································································································4
1.2.2 發展歷程 ··································································································5
1.3 無人機分類 ·····················································································10
1.3.1 按飛行平臺分類 ························································································10
1.3.2 按用途分類 ······························································································17
1.3.3 按運行風險大小分類 ··················································································17
1.3.4 按飛行高度分類 ························································································18
1.3.5 按活動半徑分類 ························································································18
1.4 無人機的發展方向 ············································································18
1.4.1 高空長航時化 ···························································································18
1.4.2 無人機隱形化 ···························································································21
1.4.3 空中預警化 ······························································································23
1.4.4 空中格鬥化 ······························································································24
1.4.5 集群智能化 ······························································································25
第2章 無人機的基本構造及原理 ···················································29
2.1 空氣動力學與飛行原理 ······································································30
2.1.1 大氣的基本知識 ························································································30
2.1.2 空氣的特性 ······························································································32
2.1.3 標準大氣 ·································································································34
2.1.4 氣流特性 ·································································································35
2.1.5 連續性定理與伯努利方程 ············································································37
無人機原理、應用與防控
IV
2.1.6 機翼·······································································································40
2.1.7 升力與阻力 ······························································································42
2.1.8 影響升力與阻力的因素 ···············································································44
2.1.9 增升裝置 ·································································································46
2.1.10 無人機的穩定性與操縱 ·············································································48
2.2 固定翼無人機 ··················································································50
2.2.1 固定翼無人機的組成及其功能 ······································································50
2.2.2 固定翼無人機的結構特點及分類 ···································································52
2.2.3 蒙皮的結構特點及分類 ···············································································60
2.2.4 尾翼的結構特點及分類 ···············································································61
2.2.5 起落架的結構特點及佈局 ············································································66
2.2.6 氣動佈局 ·································································································70
2.3 無人直升機 ·····················································································71
2.3.1 單旋翼帶尾槳無人直升機 ············································································71
2.3.2 共軸雙旋翼無人直升機 ···············································································79
2.4 多旋翼無人機 ··················································································80
2.4.1 多旋翼無人機的出現及發展 ·········································································80
2.4.2 多旋翼無人機的結構 ··················································································81
2.4.3 多旋翼無人機的控制 ··················································································85
2.4.4 多旋翼無人機的特點 ··················································································86
2.5 垂直起降固定翼無人機 ······································································87
2.5.1 垂直起降固定翼無人機的發展及結構 ·····························································87
2.5.2 固定翼多旋翼復合型垂直起降無人機的結構與飛行原理 ··································88
2.5.3 傾轉旋翼固定翼垂直起降無人機的結構與飛行原理 ········································89
2.5.4 尾座式垂直起降固定翼無人機的結構與飛行原理 ··············································91
2.6 發動機 ···························································································92
2.6.1 航空活塞發動機 ························································································92
2.6.2 渦輪軸發動機 ···························································································95
2.6.3 渦輪螺旋槳式發動機 ··················································································97
2.6.4 渦輪噴氣式發動機 ·····················································································98
2.6.5 渦輪風扇式發動機 ···················································································102
2.7 電動系統 ······················································································103
2.7.1 電動無人機 ····························································································103
2.7.2 電機·····································································································104
目 錄
V
2.7.3 電調·····································································································106
2.7.4 螺旋槳 ··································································································106
2.7.5 電池·····································································································107
第3章 無人機應用 ····································································111
3.1 無人機的應用領域 ··········································································112
3.1.1 軍用級別的無人機 ···················································································112
3.1.2 民用級別的無人機 ···················································································116
3.2 無人機的應用環境 ··········································································121
3.2.1 無人機管理規範 ······················································································122
3.2.2 技術標準 ·······························································································123
3.2.3 無人機飛行要求 ······················································································124
3.3 無人機的線路規劃 ··········································································126
3.3.1 航空定位定向系統 ···················································································127
3.3.2 線路規劃 ·······························································································129
3.3.3 傾斜攝影 ·······························································································140
第4章 無人機防控應用 ·····························································141
4.1 無人機防控應用背景 ·······································································142
4.1.1 無人飛行器飛行條例及制度規定 ·································································143
4.1.2 無人飛行器飛行空域 ················································································145
4.1.3 無人機運行管理規定 ················································································147
4.1.4 無人機飛行存在的安全隱患 ·······································································150
4.1.5 無人機警用防控的必要性和重要性 ······························································151
4.2 無人機警用防控應用案例 ·································································152
4.3 無人機警用防控應用技術概述 ···························································153
4.4 無人機警用防控應用建設方案 ···························································155
4.4.1 設計原則及建設目標 ················································································155
4.4.2 系統配置方案概述 ···················································································156
4.4.3 方案一:TDOA+固定式反制+便攜式反制 ···················································156
4.4.4 方案二:車載式察打一體+便攜式反制 ························································160
4.4.5 系統組網方案 ·························································································161
無人機原理、應用與防控
4.4.6 設備配置方案 ·························································································163
4.5 無人機警用防控應用技術模塊 ···························································164
第5章 無人機監測跟蹤應用 ·······················································169
5.1 無人機監測跟蹤應用的背景 ······························································170
5.2 無人機監測跟蹤應用的技術概論 ························································172
5.2.1 雷達探測技術 ·························································································172
5.2.2 光電監測技術 ·························································································181
5.2.3 無線電頻譜監測技術 ················································································182
5.2.4 多源融合監測技術 ···················································································185
5.3 無人機監測跟蹤應用的產品及解決方案 ···············································185
5.3.1 典型的無人機監測跟蹤產品—TDOA無人機監測定位系統 ··························185
5.3.2 典型的無人機監測跟蹤解決方案—TDOA網格化城市級無人機監測管控
解決方案 ·······························································································188
5.4 無人機監測跟蹤應用實踐案例 ···························································192
第6章 無人機防禦反制應用 ·······················································195
6.1 無人機防禦反制應用的背景 ······························································196
6.2 無人機防禦反制應用的技術概論 ························································198
6.2.1 硬殺傷技術 ····························································································198
6.2.2 軟殺傷技術 ····························································································199
6.3 無人機防禦反制應用的產品及解決方案 ···············································201
6.3.1 典型的無人機防禦反制產品—無線電乾擾壓制設備 ·······································201
6.3.2 典型的無人機防禦反制解決方案—無線電頻譜監測壓制聯動解決方案 ···········205
6.4 無人機防禦反制應用實踐案例 ···························································215