Handbook of Immunosenescence: Basic Understanding and Clinical Implications
暫譯: 免疫衰老手冊：基本理解與臨床意涵

免疫衰老是一個不精確的術語，用來描述在目前研究的所有哺乳動物中觀察到的與年齡相關的有害免疫參數變化。這是一個在老化領域快速發展的科學，關於這些變化的數據、知識和概念的量急劇增加。我們已經準備好將這些累積的數據轉化為臨床應用，通過更好地理解免疫衰老對與年齡相關的病理的貢獻，以及通過適當的干預措施來預防這些病理。本權威手冊旨在涵蓋我們對與老化相關的免疫變化的眾多知識的當前狀態，並由研究和臨床領域的專家貢獻。本書因此考慮了研究免疫衰老的方法和模型；T細胞、B細胞、中性粒細胞、抗原呈遞細胞、自然殺手細胞(NK)、自然殺手T細胞(NKT)和幹細胞的細胞免疫衰老；遺傳學；包括受體和信號傳導的機制；線粒體；蛋白酶體；細胞因子；神經內分泌免疫網絡；炎症；胸腺；在包括感染、自身免疫、癌症、代謝綜合症、神經退行性疾病、虛弱和骨質疏鬆等疾病狀態中的臨床相關性；以及營養、脂質、疫苗接種的調節作用，以及「基於我們目前的知識狀態，是否可以現實地提出影響免疫衰老的干預措施？」這個問題。

Prof. Tamas Fulop, MD, PhD, is Professor of Medicine and Geriatrics, and Senior Researcher at the Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada. He was the deputy director of the Research Center on Aging and member of the Graduate Immunology Programme for 20 years. He has directed the Biology Research Programme of the Research Center on Aging for more than 10 years. He obtained his MD degree at Geneva University. He received his PhD in Biochemistry and Immunology from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and was a post-doctoral fellow at University Paris XII in Biochemistry. Dr. Fulop's NSERC and CIHR funded research since 1994 is focused on immune response changes in T cells and neutrophils and the mechanism of inflammation with aging and age-related diseases in humans. More specifically his research is directed to the elucidation of the signal transduction changes in immune cells. His current interest is in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease, as well as of cancers. He is also interested in the immune-inflammatory changes occurring in frailty. He has authored more than 270 publications. He is recipient of the Presidential Award of the IAGG and fellow of the GSA since 2001. He served on the executive committee and participated in the organization of three IAGG congresses. He serves on the GSA Publications Committee and BS executive committee. He is on the editorial boards of Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Biogerontology, Gerontology, Pathology Biology, Immunology and Aging, European Geriatric Medicine and is Section Editor of the BMC Geriatrics. He is the editor-in-chief of the Interdisciplinary Topics in Gerontology. He is co-director of the undergraduate geriatric teaching program.

Prof. Claudio Franceschi, MD, is Professor Emeritus at the University of Bologna, Italy and Associate member of the IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy. He is the former Director of the Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna (2010-2012), and founder and director of the Interdepartmental Center for Integrated Studies on Biophysics, Bioinformatics and Biocomplexity "L. Galvani" (CIG), University of Bologna (2001-2006). He also served as Scientific Director of the Italian National Research Center for Aging (INRCA) (1996-2005), a scientific institution of the Ministry of Health devoted to basic aging research and treatment of the elderly. His major research achievements include: i) discovery of the most important characteristics of immunosenescence in humans (accumulation of memory T cells, shortage of naive T cells, shrinkage of T cell repertoire, activation of innate immunity, role of CMV infection); ii) conceptualization of the "remodelling" and "inflammaging" theories of aging, and of "liquid immune self" and "immunobiography"; iii) pioneering studies on immune response and stress throughout evolution, from invertebrates to humans; iv) pioneering studies on mathematical models of the immune system and of the proteasome/immunoproteasome; v) pioneering studies on endocrinology, genetics, epigenetics, metabolomics, metagenomics, glycomics of human longevity on centenarians (100+), semi-supercentenarians (105+) and their offspring as a model of successful aging and longevity; vi) identification of nuclear genes and mtDNA polymorphisms associated to human longevity, Alzheimer disease and type 2 diabetes (T2D); vii) identification of new biomarkers of aging (N-glycans; gut microbiota; DNA methylation of ELOVL2 gene; inflamma-miRs; metabolomic and lipidomic markers). Claudio Franceschi is involved in many European Projects, and in particular he is/was Coordinator of European Large Collaborative Projects: 1. PROPAG-AGEING (Aging and Parkinson disease, 2015-2019); 2. ADAGE (Alzheimer disease within an aging perspective; 2016-2018) 3. NU-AGE (New dietary strategies addressing the specific needs of the elderly population for healthy ageing in Europe, FP7 KBBE 2011-2015); 4. GEHA (Genetics of Heathy Aging, FP6 Health 2004-2010). Claudio Franceschi is Editor-in-Chief of Ageing Research Reviews and PI of project "DPM-AGEING Digitalized and Personalized Medicine of Healthy Aging" funded by the Russian Federation at Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod.

Prof. Katsuiku Hirokawa, M.D., PhD, is emeritus professor of pathology of Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). He is managing a venture company, Institute of Health and Life Sciences (HLS) in TMDU which works in the assessment of immunological vigor using human peripheral blood. His main research interest is immunological aspect of aging and anti-aging interventions using immunological methods. He is also working as a clinical pathologist.

Prof. Dr. Graham Pawelec holds an MA in Natural Sciences and a PhD in Transplantation Immunology from the University of Cambridge, UK. He is currently Professor of Experimental Immunology in the Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Germany and is a Visiting Professor at Nottingham Trent University and at King´s College London, UK. He holds an honorary Chair at the University of Manchester, UK and is affiliated with the Cancer Solutions Program, Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. He is Co-Editor-in-Chief of "Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy" and is Deputy Editor of "Immunity and Aging". He is an Associate Editor of "Mechanisms of Ageing and Development" and is on the Editorial Boards of several Journals including the Journal of Gerontology. He was elected Fellow of the Gerontological Society of America in 2015. He has coordinated 5 multi-national EU collaborative projects and was a member of 5 others. His research interests focus on alterations to immunity, especially T cell-mediated immunity, in ageing and cancer in man, and the influence these and Cytomegalovirus infection have on the outcome of vaccination and immunomodulatory antibody therapies.

塔馬斯·富洛普教授，醫學博士，哲學博士，是加拿大魁北克省舍布魯克大學醫學與老年醫學教授及老年研究中心的高級研究員。他曾擔任老年研究中心的副主任及研究生免疫學計劃的成員達20年。他主導老年研究中心的生物學研究計劃超過10年。他在日內瓦大學獲得醫學博士學位，並在匈牙利科學院獲得生物化學與免疫學的哲學博士，之後在巴黎第十二大學擔任生物化學的博士後研究員。自1994年以來，富洛普博士的研究獲得了NSERC和CIHR的資助，專注於T細胞和中性粒細胞的免疫反應變化，以及隨著年齡增長和與年齡相關疾病的人類炎症機制。更具體地說，他的研究旨在闡明免疫細胞中的信號轉導變化。他目前的研究興趣包括阿茲海默症的發病機制以及癌症。他也對虛弱狀態下的免疫-炎症變化感興趣。他已發表超過270篇論文。自2001年以來，他是國際老年學會（IAGG）總統獎的獲得者及美國老年學會（GSA）的研究員。他曾在執行委員會任職並參與組織三次IAGG大會。他在GSA出版委員會和BS執行委員會任職。他是《老年學與老年醫學檔案》、《生物老年學》、《老年學》、《病理生物學》、《免疫學與老化》、《歐洲老年醫學》等期刊的編輯委員會成員，並擔任《BMC老年學》的區域編輯。他是《老年學跨學科主題》的主編，並共同負責本科老年醫學教學計劃。

克勞迪奧·弗朗西斯基教授，醫學博士，是意大利博洛尼亞大學的名譽教授及博洛尼亞神經科學研究所的副會員。他曾擔任博洛尼亞大學實驗病理學系主任（2010-2012），並創立及擔任博洛尼亞大學生物物理學、生物信息學及生物複雜性綜合研究中心「L. Galvani」（CIG）主任（2001-2006）。他還曾擔任意大利國家老年研究中心（INRCA）的科學主任（1996-2005），該機構是衛生部的科學機構，專注於基礎老化研究及老年人治療。他的主要研究成就包括：i) 發現人類免疫衰老的最重要特徵（記憶T細胞的積累、初始T細胞的短缺、T細胞庫的縮小、先天免疫的激活、CMV感染的角色）；ii) 構思「重塑」和「炎症老化」的老化理論，以及「液體免疫自我」和「免疫生平」；iii) 從無脊椎動物到人類的免疫反應和壓力的開創性研究；iv) 免疫系統和蛋白酶體/免疫蛋白酶體的數學模型的開創性研究；v) 對百歲老人（100+）、半超百歲老人（105+）及其後代的內分泌學、遺傳學、表觀遺傳學、代謝組學、元基因組學及糖組學的開創性研究，作為成功老化和長壽的模型；vi) 確定與人類長壽、阿茲海默症和2型糖尿病（T2D）相關的核基因和線粒體DNA多態性；vii) 確定新的老化生物標記（N-糖類；腸道微生物群；ELOVL2基因的DNA甲基化；炎症miRs；代謝組學和脂質組學標記）。克勞迪奧·弗朗西斯基參與了許多歐洲項目，特別是他是以下歐洲大型合作項目的協調人：1. PROPAG-AGEING（老化與帕金森病，2015-2019）；2. ADAGE（從老化的角度看阿茲海默症；2016-2018）；3. NU-AGE（針對老年人健康老化的特定需求的新飲食策略，FP7 KBBE 2011-2015）；4. GEHA（健康老化的遺傳學，FP6 Health 2004-2010）。克勞迪奧·弗朗西斯基是《老化研究評論》的主編，並且是由俄羅斯聯邦資助的「DPM-AGEING數位化和個性化健康老化醫學」項目的首席研究員，該項目在下諾夫哥羅德的洛巴切夫斯基國立大學進行。

廣川勝幸教授，醫學博士，哲學博士，是東京醫科齒科大學（TMDU）病理學的名譽教授。他管理著一家風險投資公司，東京醫科齒科大學的健康與生命科學研究所（HLS），該所專注於使用人類外周血評估免疫活力。他的主要研究興趣是老化的免疫學方面及使用免疫學方法的抗老化干預。他同時也擔任臨床病理學家。

格雷厄姆·帕維萊克教授擁有劍橋大學的自然科學碩士學位和移植免疫學的哲學博士學位。他目前是德國圖賓根大學內科第二系的實驗免疫學教授，並且是英國諾丁漢特倫特大學和倫敦國王學院的訪問教授。他在英國曼徹斯特大學擔任榮譽講座，並與加拿大安大略省薩德伯里的健康科學北方研究所的癌症解決方案計劃有關聯。他是《癌症免疫學與免疫療法》的共同主編，並擔任《免疫與老化》的副編輯。他是《老化與發展機制》的副編輯，並在包括《老年學雜誌》在內的多個期刊的編輯委員會中任職。他於2015年被選為美國老年學會的研究員。他協調了5個多國歐盟合作項目，並參與了另外5個項目。他的研究興趣集中在老化和癌症中免疫的變化，特別是T細胞介導的免疫，以及這些變化和巨細胞病毒感染對疫苗接種和免疫調節抗體療法結果的影響。