Managing Persistent Organic Pollutants in India: Case Studies on Vapi and Surat, Gujarat

持久性有機污染物（POPs）是一類持久、生物累積和有毒（PBT）的化學物質，根據斯德哥爾摩公約受到使用限制。它們對環境、人類和動物健康造成不利影響。大多數POPs是半揮發性有機化合物（SVOCs），已知具有長距離運輸潛力，通常在較冷的氣候中沉積，並在距離其產生地區較遠的地方被發現。POPs通常是疏水性（即「厭水」）和親脂性（即「喜脂」）的化學物質，因此它們會與固體物質，特別是有機物質和海洋及陸地環境中的脂肪組織結合。結果，POPs可能會在食物鏈中向上移動。

本書專注於確定POPs的來源、命運、檢測的分析技術以及其健康影響。它進一步探討了POPs的監管方面、管理措施、最佳環境實踐（BEPs）、印度和國際案例研究，以及對監管方面理解的不足。本書的結尾章節提出了一些關鍵建議，以指引未來的方向。

Professor Paromita Chakraborty is the Head for Centre for Research in Environment, Sustainability Advocacy and Climate Change in SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu. Professor Chakraborty has over a decade experience on the multimedia transport of legacy and new persistent organic pollutants, bioavailability of organic contaminants, environmental chemistry, transformation and remediation of endocrine disrupting compounds, mismanagement of plastic and electronic waste, and conversion of waste into wealth. Professor Chakraborty is the principal investigator for projects funded by national funding agencies like DST, MoEFCC and international funding agencies like Research Council of Norway, Norwegian Embassy and Swiss Development Cooperation. She has published more than 100 peer reviewed journal articles and book chapters. Her research has been used as the basis for the creation of several policy briefs that were important for decision makers.She is the recipient of prestigious Water Advanced Research and Innovation (WARI) Fellowship 2016, awarded by the Indo-US Science and Technology Forum. Among numerous awards that Prof. Chakraborty received, Early career chemist 2015 by the American Chemical Society and Hiyoshi Environmental Award 2020 are the most prestigious ones. Dr. Chakraborty is the special mentor for the Association of Common Wealth Universities Blue Charter Fellowship. She is an associate editor in the Science of the Total Environment and Arabian Journal of Geosciences.

Dr Luca Nizzetto is a research scientist, research manager and knowledge broker with a background in ecology, biodiversity management and pollution research. He recently expanded his research activity in the areas of socio-ecosystems, knowledge management and knowledge brokering for societal change. He conceives and runs independent research programs in the areas of anthropogenic pressures and impacts on socio/ecological systems with current activities on plastic waste value network modelling and management for sustainability (with a focus on developing countries), environmental sustainability of food production systems, food safety, chemical and plastic pollution fate, behaviour and impacts, environmental and human exposure to contaminants, knowledge management and knowledge brokering for impact generation. He coordinates large consortia in international projects including projects funded by the EU Horizon framework. He is the co-founder of the International Knowledge Hub Against Plastic Pollution (IKHAPP.org). He is the Lead scientist at the Norwegian Institute of water research (Tenure track for Chief Scientist), and currently coordinates two distinct research teams and two international academic/research networks. In his current position, he formally and successfully acts as mentor for junior scientists and actively contributed to a seminar program dedicated to early-career scientists. He has successfully supervised students of bachelor, master and PhD level, as well as several Post Doc and early career scientists. He is the main author of some highly-cited research articles, and his works receive over 1000 citations each year.

Dr Girija K Bharat is the Founder Director of Mu Gamma Consultants (Gurgaon, India). She is an alumnus of IIT (ISM), BITS (Pilani), George Mason University, USA. She has over three decades of experience in the water and wastewater sector, Persistent Organic Pollutants, Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals, environmental chemistry, plastic waste management. She is the principal investigator for several national and international projects funded by USAID, UNICEF, GIZ, Swiss Development Agency, Norwegian Development agency, Research Council of Norway, Norwegian Embassy, Ministry of Jal Shakti (Government of India), UNIDO, NIUA, ICLEI-South Asia. She has published over 110 peer reviewed journal articles, book chapters, Policy Briefs, Discussion papers. She has authored the chapters in the Global Sustainable Development Reports (GSDR) 2015 (Oxford University Press, 2016). She was the lead author of the 'State of Urban Water and Sanitation in India report-2017', and authored the science informed policy briefs that are of national and international significance for policy makers. Based on her achievements in research, capacity building and policy advocacy, she has received several prestigious awards including the 'Women Transforming India' Award by NITI Aayog, Government of India, Global Environment Award, Aqua Excellence Award, Save the Environment Award and several others. She is a technical expert of several national and international scientific and policy groups including the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), NITI Aayog, Research Council member of CSIR-NEERI, Ministry of Jal shakti. She is a member of the American Chemical Society and Iota-Sigma-Pi-an honor society for women in Chemistry in the US.

Eirik Hovland Steindal is a research scientist with twenty-years working experience on environment and development issues, nationally and internationally. As a former bureaucrat, he has extensive experience with policy development, regulatory work and design and operation of multilateral environmental agreements. For seven years, he worked as a negotiator for the Norwegian government contributing to the establishment of the Minamata Convention on mercury. As a government official and academic, He has led multiple large research projects and collaborations with China and India. A core focus has been to support the two countries with ratification and implementation of the Minamata and the Stockholm Convention, as well as developing domestic policies to tackle plastic pollution. All projects have involved working closely with government, NGO's and business associations to find socioeconomic sustainable solutions and control measures. He is currently finalizing a PhD on international regulation and management of chemicals and plastic waste at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences. He has also international working experience from UN Environment, environmental NGOs, consultancies, and academic research.

Satish Sinha is the Associate Director of Toxics Link (The Just Environment Charitable Trust), a non-profit Environmental organization working in field of Toxics and Waste. He has been actively involved with this research-based policy advocacy group since 2003 and has been leading a team to bring change both at policy and grassroots level. He has over 17 years of experience and sound professional expertise on issues related to chemicals, waste management and related public policies. Provide strategic leadership in spearheading key environmental campaigns in the country. He has worked closely with various state governments and the central government on some key environmental issues. He possesses excellent analytical and managerial skills. He sspecializes in international and national policy advocacy on issues such as waste/ chemical management and has over 14 years of experience on project planning and execution on waste management issues both in India and outside. Mr Sinha is experienced with environmental policy instruments like EPR, precautionary principles, international conventions, UNEP processes especially on chemicals and waste related issues. He has several publications to his credit.

教授 Paromita Chakraborty 是 SRM 科技與科學學院環境、可持續發展倡導與氣候變遷研究中心的負責人。Chakraborty 教授在傳統及新型持久性有機污染物的多媒體傳輸、有機污染物的生物可利用性、環境化學、內分泌干擾物的轉化與修復、塑膠及電子廢物的錯誤管理，以及廢物轉化為財富等領域擁有超過十年的經驗。Chakraborty 教授是由國家資助機構如 DST、MoEFCC 及國際資助機構如挪威研究委員會、挪威大使館和瑞士發展合作署資助的項目的主要研究者。她已發表超過 100 篇經過同行評審的期刊文章和書籍章節。她的研究成果已作為多項政策簡報的基礎，這些簡報對決策者至關重要。她是 2016 年印度-美國科學與技術論壇頒發的水資源先進研究與創新 (WARI) 獎學金的獲得者。在 Chakraborty 教授獲得的眾多獎項中，2015 年美國化學學會的早期職業化學家獎和 2020 年的 Hiyoshi 環境獎是最具聲望的。Chakraborty 博士是英聯邦大學協會藍色憲章獎學金的特別導師。她還擔任《環境科學總論》和《阿拉伯地球科學期刊》的副編輯。

Luca Nizzetto 博士是一位研究科學家、研究經理和知識經紀人，擁有生態學、生物多樣性管理和污染研究的背景。他最近擴展了在社會生態系統、知識管理和社會變革的知識經紀領域的研究活動。他設計並運行獨立的研究計劃，專注於人為壓力及其對社會/生態系統的影響，目前的活動包括塑膠廢物價值網絡建模與可持續管理（重點在發展中國家）、食品生產系統的環境可持續性、食品安全、化學及塑膠污染的命運、行為及影響、環境及人類對污染物的暴露、知識管理及知識經紀以產生影響。他協調大型國際項目的聯盟，包括由歐盟地平線框架資助的項目。他是國際反塑膠污染知識中心 (IKHAPP.org) 的共同創辦人。他是挪威水研究所的首席科學家（任期追蹤），目前協調兩個不同的研究團隊和兩個國際學術/研究網絡。在目前的職位上，他正式且成功地擔任年輕科學家的導師，並積極參與專門針對早期職業科學家的研討會計劃。他成功指導過本科、碩士和博士生，以及多位博士後和早期職業科學家。他是一些高被引研究文章的主要作者，其作品每年獲得超過 1000 次引用。

Girija K Bharat 博士是 Mu Gamma Consultants（印度古爾岡）的創始董事。她是 IIT (ISM)、BITS (Pilani) 和美國喬治梅森大學的校友。她在水和廢水領域、持久性有機污染物、內分泌干擾化學物質、環境化學和塑膠廢物管理方面擁有超過三十年的經驗。她是多個由 USAID、UNICEF、GIZ、瑞士發展署、挪威發展署、挪威研究委員會、挪威大使館、印度政府水資源部、UNIDO、NIUA 和 ICLEI-南亞資助的國內外項目的主要研究者。她已發表超過 110 篇經過同行評審的期刊文章、書籍章節、政策簡報和討論文件。她是作者。