Handbook of Human Factors for Automated, Connected, and Intelligent Vehicles
暫譯: 自動化、連接及智能車輛的人因工程手冊

《自動化、連接及智能車輛的人因工程手冊》

主題指南：人因工程與人因因素

汽車事故是全球第七大死亡原因，每年造成超過125萬人喪生。自動化、連接及智能車輛有潛力顯著減少事故，同時減少交通擁堵、碳排放並提高可及性。然而，這一過渡可能需要數十年。本手冊服務於多元的利益相關者社群，包括人因研究者、交通工程師、監管機構、汽車製造商、車隊經營者、駕駛教練、弱勢道路使用者及特殊族群。手冊提供有關人類駕駛者、其他道路使用者及人類與自動化互動的綜合資訊，以確保自動化、連接及智能車輛能夠發揮其全部潛力。

特點

- 從人因工程的角度解決四大交通挑戰——事故、擁堵、碳排放和可及性
- 討論人類操作員在自動化、連接及智能車輛的設計、監管和評估中的角色
- 提供有關以駕駛者為中心的交通系統設計的關鍵問題和技術進展的廣泛探討
- 呈現對於這些自動化、連接及智能車輛的公共接受度的核心人因問題的理解
- 利用其他領域的經驗教訓來理解人類與自動化的互動
- 通過定義未探索問題的範疇，為未來的研究奠定基礎

Donald L. Fisher is a Principal Technical Advisor at the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center in Cambridge, MA, a Professor Emeritus and Research Professor in the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, and the Director of the Arbella Insurance Human Performance Laboratory in the College of Engineering. He has published over 250 technical papers, including recent ones in the major journals in transportation, human factors, and psychology. While at the Volpe Center he has worked extensively across the modes on research designed to identify the unintended consequences of automation and, when such are identified, to develop and evaluate countermeasures. Additionally, he has developed a broad, interdisciplinary approach to understanding and remediating functional impairments in transportation, including distraction, fatigue, and alcohol. While at UMass Amherst, he served as a principal or co-principal investigator on over 30 million dollars of research and training grants, including awards from the National Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, MassDOT, the Arbella Insurance Group Charitable Foundation, the State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, and the New England University Transportation Center. He is a former Associate Editor of Human Factors and editor of both the recently published Handbook of Driving Simulation for Engineering, Medicine and Psychology (2011) and the Handbook of Teen and Novice Drivers (2016). He currently is a co-chair of the TRB Committee on Simulation and Measurement of Vehicle and Operator Performance. He has chaired or co-chaired a number of TRB workshops and served as a member of the National Academy of Sciences Human Factors Committee, the TRB Younger Driver Subcommittee, the joint National Research Council and Institute of Medicine Committee on the Contributions from the Behavioral and Social Sciences in Reducing and Preventing Teen Motor Crashes, and the State Farm(R) Mutual Automobile Insurance Company and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Youthful Driver Initiative. Over the past 25 years, Dr. Fisher has made fundamental contributions to the understanding of driving, including the identification of those factors that: the determine how most safely to transfer control from an automated vehicle to the driver; increase the crash risk of novice and older drivers; impact the effectiveness of signs, signals, and pavement markings; improve the interface to in-vehicle equipment, such as forward collision warning systems, back over collision warning systems, and music retrieval systems; and influence drivers' understanding of advanced parking management systems, advanced traveler information systems, and dynamic message signs. In addition, he has pioneered the development of both PC-based hazard anticipation training (RAPT) and PC-based attention maintenance training (FOCAL) programs, showing that novice drivers so trained actually anticipate hazards more often and maintain attention better on the open road and in a driving simulator. This program of research has been made possible by the acquisition in 1994 of more than half a million dollars of equipment, supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation. He has often spoken about his results, including participating in a congressional science briefing on the novice driver research sponsored several years previous. The Human Performance Laboratory was recognized by the Ergonomics Society, receiving the best paper award for articles that appeared in the journal Ergonomics throughout 2009. The paper described the work in the Human Performance Laboratory on hazard anticipation. Most recently, he published with his Volpe colleagues a review of human factors issues critical to the development of intelligent vehicles in the inaugural volume of IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles. Dr. Fisher received an AB from Bowdoin College in 1971 (philosophy), an EdM from Harvard University in 1973 (human development), and a PhD from the University of Michigan in 1982 (mathematical psychology).

William J. Horrey, PhD, is the traffic research group leader at the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. Previously, he was a principal research scientist in the Center for Behavioral Sciences at the Liberty Mutual Research Institute for Safety. He earned his PhD in engineering psychology from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 2005. He has published over 50 papers on numerous topics including visual (selective) and divided attention, automation, driver behavior, and distractions from in-vehicle devices. He chairs the Transportation Research Board Standing Committee on Vehicle User Characteristics (AND10) and the Publications Division at the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. He is an Associate Editor of the Human Factors Journal and has served on several national and international committees related to transportation safety and human factors.

John D. Lee, PhD, is the Emerson Electric professor in the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering at the University of Wisconsin, Madison and director of the Cognitive Systems Laboratory. Dr Lee's research seeks to better integrate people and technology in complex systems, such as cars, semi-autonomous systems, and telemedicine. His research has led to over 400 publications and presentations, including 13 books. He helped to edit The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Engineering, the Handbook of Driving Simulation for Engineering, Medicine, and Psychology, and two books on distraction Driver Distraction: Theory, Effects, and Mitigation and Driver Distraction and Inattention. He is also the lead author of a popular textbook: Designing for People: An introduction to Human Factors Engineering.

Michael A. Regan, is Professor of Human Factors with the Research Centre for Integrated Transport Innovation at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia. He has BSc (Hons) and PhD degrees in engineering psychology from the Australian National University and has designed and led more than 200 research projects in transportation human factors and safety -spanning aircraft, motorcycles, cars, trucks, buses, and trains. Mike is the author/co-author of around 200 peer-reviewed publications, including three books on driver distraction and inattention, and driver acceptance of new technologies. He was the 25th President of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society of Australia and is a Fellow of the Australasian College of Road Safety.

Donald L. Fisher 是位於麻薩諸塞州劍橋的 Volpe 國家交通系統中心的首席技術顧問，馬薩諸塞大學阿默斯特分校機械與工業工程系的名譽教授及研究教授，以及工程學院 Arbella 保險人類表現實驗室的主任。他已發表超過 250 篇技術論文，包括最近在交通、人因和心理學等主要期刊上的文章。在 Volpe 中心工作期間，他廣泛參與各種模式的研究，旨在識別自動化的意外後果，並在識別出這些後果後，開發和評估對策。此外，他還開發了一種廣泛的跨學科方法，以理解和修正交通中的功能障礙，包括分心、疲勞和酒精。在馬薩諸塞大學阿默斯特分校期間，他擔任超過 3000 萬美元的研究和培訓補助金的主要或共同主要研究員，包括來自國家科學基金會、國家衛生研究院、國家公路交通安全管理局、麻州交通部、Arbella 保險集團慈善基金會、State Farm 互助汽車保險公司和新英格蘭大學交通中心的獎項。他曾擔任《人因》期刊的副編輯，並編輯了最近出版的《工程、醫學和心理學駕駛模擬手冊》（2011）和《青少年及新手駕駛手冊》（2016）。他目前是 TRB 車輛及操作員性能模擬與測量委員會的共同主席。他曾主持或共同主持多個 TRB 研討會，並擔任美國國家科學院人因委員會、TRB 年輕駕駛者小組委員會、國家研究委員會與醫學研究所聯合委員會的成員，該委員會專注於行為與社會科學在減少和預防青少年汽車事故中的貢獻，以及 State Farm 互助汽車保險公司和費城兒童醫院的年輕駕駛者倡議。在過去的 25 年中，Fisher 博士對駕駛的理解做出了根本性貢獻，包括識別以下因素：如何最安全地將控制權從自動駕駛車輛轉移給駕駛者；增加新手和老年駕駛者的事故風險；影響標誌、信號和路面標記的有效性；改善車內設備的介面，例如前方碰撞警告系統、倒車碰撞警告系統和音樂檢索系統；以及影響駕駛者對先進停車管理系統、先進旅行者信息系統和動態信息標誌的理解。此外，他還開創了基於 PC 的危險預測訓練（RAPT）和基於 PC 的注意力維持訓練（FOCAL）計劃，顯示經過這樣訓練的新手駕駛者在開放道路和駕駛模擬器中實際上能更頻繁地預測危險並更好地保持注意力。這項研究計劃得以實現，部分得益於 1994 年獲得的超過 50 萬美元的設備，該資金部分來自國家科學基金會的補助。他經常發表他的研究結果，包括參加幾年前贊助的新手駕駛研究的國會科學簡報。人類表現實驗室因其在 2009 年發表的文章而獲得人體工學學會的最佳論文獎。該論文描述了人類表現實驗室在危險預測方面的工作。最近，他與 Volpe 的同事共同發表了關於智能車輛開發中關鍵的人因問題的綜述，該綜述發表在《IEEE 智能車輛學報》的創刊卷中。Fisher 博士於 1971 年獲得波多因學院的 AB 學位（哲學），1973 年獲得哈佛大學的 EdM 學位（人類發展），1982 年獲得密西根大學的 PhD 學位（數學心理學）。

William J. Horrey 博士是 AAA 交通安全基金會的交通研究小組負責人。此前，他是 Liberty Mutual 安全研究所行為科學中心的首席研究科學家。他於 2005 年在伊利諾伊大學香檳分校獲得工程心理學博士學位。他在視覺（選擇性）和分心注意、自動化、駕駛行為以及來自車內設備的分心等多個主題上發表了超過 50 篇論文。他擔任交通研究委員會車輛使用者特徵常設委員會（AND10）和人體工學與人因學會出版部的主席。他是《人因學期刊》的副編輯，並曾在多個與交通安全和人因相關的國家和國際委員會中任職。

John D. Lee 博士是威斯康辛大學麥迪遜分校工業與系統工程系的 Emerson Electric 教授及認知系統實驗室的主任。Lee 博士的研究旨在更好地整合人與技術於複雜系統中，例如汽車、半自動系統和遠程醫療。他的研究已導致超過 400 篇出版物和演講，包括 13 本書籍。他協助編輯《牛津認知工程手冊》、《工程、醫學和心理學駕駛模擬手冊》，以及兩本關於分心的書籍《駕駛者分心：理論、影響與緩解》和《駕駛者分心與注意力缺失》。他還是一本受歡迎的教科書《為人設計：人因工程導論》的主要作者。

Michael A. Regan 是澳大利亞新南威爾士大學綜合交通創新研究中心的人因學教授。他擁有澳大利亞國立大學的工程心理學學士（榮譽）和博士學位，並設計和領導了超過 200 個交通人因和安全的研究項目，涵蓋飛機、摩托車、汽車、卡車、巴士和火車。Mike 是約 200 篇經過同行評審的出版物的作者或合著者，包括三本關於駕駛者分心和注意力缺失以及駕駛者對新技術接受度的書籍。他曾擔任澳大利亞人體工學與人因學會的第 25 屆會長，並是澳大利亞公路安全學院的院士。