Readings in Machine Translation

Description:

The field of machine translation (MT) -- the automation of translation between human languages -- has existed for more than fifty years. MT helped to usher in the field of computational linguistics and has influenced methods and applications in knowledge representation, information theory, and mathematical statistics.

This valuable resource offers the most historically significant English-language articles on MT. The book is organized in three sections. The historical section contains articles from MT's beginnings through the late 1960s. The second section, on theoretical and methodological issues, covers sublanguage and controlled input, the role of humans in machine-aided translation, the impact of certain linguistic approaches, the transfer versus interlingua question, and the representation of meaning and knowledge. The third section, on system design, covers knowledge-based, statistical, and example-based approaches to multilevel analysis and representation, as well as computational issues.

Sergei Nirenburg is Professor of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering at University of Maryland, Baltimore County.

Harold Somers is Professor of Language Engineering and Director of the Centre for Computational Linguistics at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, UK.

Yorick Wilks is Professor of Computer Science and Director of the Institute of Language, Speech, and Hearing at the University of Sheffield, UK.

 

Table of Contents:

 

Introduction	xi
I	HISTORICAL
	Introduction Sergei Nirenburg	3
1	Translation Warren Weaver	13
2	Mechanical Translation A. D. Booth	19
3	The Mechanical Determination of Meaning Erwin Reifler	21
4	Stochastic Methods of Mechanical Translation Gilbert W. King	37
5	A Framework for Syntactic Translation Victor H. Yngve	39
6	The Present Status of Automatic Translation of Languages Yehoshua Bar-Hillel	45
7	A New Approach to the Mechanical Syntactic Analysis of Russian Ida Rhodes	77
8	A Preliminary Approach to Japanese-English Automatic Translation Susumu Kuno	99
9	On the Mechanization of Syntactic Analysis Sydney M. Lamb	109
10	Research Procedures in Machine Translation David G. Hays	115
11	ALPAC: The (In)Famous Report John Hutchins	131
12	Correlational Analysis and Mechanical Translation Silvio Ceccato	137
13	Automatic Translation: Some Theoretical Aspects and the Design of a Translation System O. S. Kulagina and I. A. Mel'cuk	157
14	Mechanical Pidgin Translation Margaret Masterman	177
15	English-Japanese Machine Translation S. Takahashi, H. Wada, R. Tadenuma and S. Watanabe	193
II	THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES
	Introduction Yorick A. Wilks	203
16	Automatic Translation and the Concept of Sublanguage J. Lehrberger	207
17	The Proper Place of Men and Machines in Language Translation Martin Kay	221
18	Machine Translation as an Expert Task Roderick L. Johnson and Peter Whitelock	233
19	Montague Grammar and Machine Translation Jan Landsbergen	239
20	Dialogue Translation vs. Text Translation -- Interpretation Based Approach Jun-ichi Tsujii and Makoto Nagao	255
21	Translation by Structural Correspondences Ronald M. Kaplan, Klaus Netter, Jurgen Wedekind and Annie Zaenen	263
22	Pros and Cons of the Pivot and Transfer Approaches in Multilingual Machine Translation Christian Boitet	273
23	Treatment of Meaning in MT Systems Sergei Nirenburg and Kenneth Goodman	281
24	Where Am I Coming From: The Reversibility of Analysis and Generation in Natural Language Processing Yorick A. Wilks	295
25	The Place of Heuristics in the Fulcrum Approach to Machine Translation Paul L. Garvin	301
26	Computer Aided Translation: A Business Viewpoint John S. G. Elliston	311
III	SYSTEM DESIGN
	Introduction Harold L. Somers	321
27	Three Levels of Linguistic Analysis in Machine Translation Michael Zarechnak	325
28	Automatic Translation -- A Survey of Different Approaches B. Vauquois	333
29	Multi-level Translation Aids Alan K. Melby	339
30	EUROTRA: Computational Techniques Rod Johnson, Maghi King and Louis des Tombe	345
31	A Framework of a Mechanical Translation between Japanese and English by Analogy Principle Makoto Nagao	351
32	A Statistical Approach to Machine Translation Peter F. Brown, John Cocke, Stephen A. Della Pietra, Vincent Della Pietra, Frederick Jelinek, John D. Lafferty, Robert L. Mercer and Paul S. Roossin	355
33	Automatic Speech Translation at ATR Tsuyoshi Morimoto and Akira Kurematsu	363
34	The Stanford Machine Translation Project Yorick A. Wilks	371
35	The Textual Knowledge Bank: Design, Construction, Applications Victor Sadler	391
36	Machine Translation Without a Source Text Harold L. Somers, Jun-ichi Tsujii and Danny Jones	401
	Source Notes	407
	Index	411