電腦基礎（第2版）

第1 章 電腦基礎知識 ·················································································.1
1.1 電腦概述 ·······················································································.1
1.1.1 電腦的誕生 ··········································································.1
1.1.2 電腦的發展階段 ····································································.2
1.1.3 電腦的特點 ··········································································.3
1.1.4 電腦的應用 ··········································································.4
1.1.5 電腦發展的趨勢及面臨的挑戰 ··················································.5
1.2 電腦中數據的表示與運算 ··································································.7
1.2.1 數據與信息 ·············································································.7
1.2.2 數值數據在電腦中的表示 ························································.7
1.2.3 不同進制數之間的轉換 ······························································.8
1.2.4 非數值數據在電腦中的表示 ···················································.11
1.2.5 電腦中數據的存儲單位 ·························································.12
1.3 電腦系統組成 ···············································································.12
1.3.1 硬件系統組成及各部分功能 ······················································.13
1.3.2 軟件系統組成 ········································································.16
1.4 電腦的基本工作原理 ······································································.17
1.4.1 指令與指令執行過程 ·······························································.17
1.4.2 指令系統 ··············································································.17
1.4.3 操作系統概述 ········································································.18
1.4.4 電腦語言及其處理程序 ·························································.21
1.5 電腦的主要技術指標 ······································································.22
習題1 ··································································································.23
第2 章 操作系統 ························································································.26
2.1 操作系統的概念 ···············································································.26
2.1.1 什麽是操作系統 ·····································································.26
2.1.2 為什麽需要操作系統 ·······························································.26
2.1.3 操作系統的特徵 ·····································································.27
2.2 操作系統的類型 ···············································································.27
2.3 操作系統的功能 ···············································································.30
2.3.1 進程管理 ··············································································.31
2.3.2 存儲管理 ··············································································.36
2.3.3 文件管理 ··············································································.37
2.3.4 設備管理 ··············································································.40
2.4 操作系統的實例 ···············································································.43
2.4.1 UNIX 操作系統 ······································································.43
2.4.2 Linux 操作系統 ······································································.44
2.4.3 Windows 操作系統 ··································································.45
2.4.4 macOS ·················································································.47
習題2 ··································································································.48
第3 章 電腦網絡基礎和Internet 應用 ···························································.51
3.1 電腦網絡的形成與發展 ···································································.51
3.1.1 電腦網絡的產生 ··································································.51
3.1.2 電腦網絡的發展 ··································································.52
3.1.3 電腦網絡的發展趨勢 ····························································.52
3.2 電腦網絡的功能和應用 ···································································.56
3.2.1 電腦網絡的功能 ··································································.56
3.2.2 電腦網絡的應用 ··································································.57
3.3 電腦網絡的分類 ············································································.59
3.3.1 按網絡傳輸技術分類 ·······························································.59
3.3.2 按網絡覆蓋範圍分類 ·······························································.59
3.3.3 按網絡拓撲結構分類 ·······························································.60
3.3.4 其他的網絡分類方法 ·······························································.60
3.4 電腦網絡的拓撲結構 ······································································.61
3.5 電腦網絡的基本組成 ······································································.63
3.5.1 電腦網絡的系統組成 ····························································.63
3.5.2 電腦網絡的組件 ··································································.65
3.6 傳輸介質與網絡標準化 ······································································.66
3.6.1 有線傳輸介質 ········································································.66
3.6.2 無線傳輸介質 ········································································.69
3.6.3 幾種傳輸介質的安全性比較 ······················································.70
3.6.4 電腦網絡的標準化 ·······························································.71
3.7 Internet 簡介 ····················································································.72
3.7.1 Internet 的基本概念 ·································································.72
3.7.2 Internet 的發展歷史 ·································································.73
3.7.3 Internet 在我國的發展 ······························································.74
3.7.4 Internet 的組織與管理 ······························································.75
3.8 Internet 地址 ····················································································.76
3.8.1 IP 地址 ·················································································.77
3.8.2 域名 ····················································································.83
3.8.3 IPv6 ····················································································.84
3.9 Internet 的應用 ·················································································.88
3.9.1 WWW 服務 ···········································································.88
3.9.2 電子郵件 ··············································································.90
3.9.3 FTP 服務 ···············································································.92
3.10 Intranet ·························································································.94
3.10.1 Intranet 的概述 ······································································.94
3.10.2 Intranet 的特點 ······································································.95
3.10.3 Intranet 的應用 ······································································.95
習題3 ··································································································.96
第4 章 數據結構與算法基礎 ·········································································.98
4.1 算法和算法分析 ···············································································.98
4.1.1 算法的概念 ···········································································.98
4.1.2 算法的特徵 ···········································································.98
4.1.3 算法的效率 ···········································································.99
4.2 數據結構的基本概念 ········································································.100
4.3 數據結構的分類及表示 ·····································································.102
4.4 線性結構 ·······················································································.102
4.4.1 線性表 ················································································.102
4.4.2 棧和隊列 ·············································································.104
4.4.3 樹與二叉樹 ··········································································.106
4.4.4 圖 ······················································································.108
4.4.5 查找 ···················································································.110
4.4.6 排序 ···················································································.110
習題4 ·································································································.113
第5 章 程序設計基礎 ·················································································.116
5.1 程序設計方法與風格 ········································································.116
5.2 結構化程序設計 ··············································································.118
5.2.1 結構化程序設計的原則 ···························································.118
5.2.2 結構化程序的基本結構與特點 ··················································.119
5.2.3 結構化程序設計原則和方法的應用 ············································.120
5.3 面向對象的程序設計 ········································································.120
5.3.1 關於面向對象方法 ·································································.120
5.3.2 面向對象方法的基本概念 ························································.123
習題5 ·································································································.127
第6 章 軟件工程基礎 ·················································································.129
6.1 軟件工程的基本概念 ········································································.129
6.1.1 軟件定義與軟件特點 ······························································.129
6.1.2 軟件危機與軟件工程 ······························································.130
6.1.3 軟件過程與軟件生命周期 ························································.132
6.1.4 軟件工程的目標與原則 ···························································.134
6.1.5 軟件開發工具與軟件開發環境 ··················································.135
6.2 結構化分析 ····················································································.135
6.2.1 需求分析與需求分析方法 ························································.136
6.2.2 結構化分析方法 ····································································.137
6.2.3 軟件需求規格說明 ·································································.141
6.3 結構化設計方法 ··············································································.143
6.3.1 軟件設計的基本概念 ······························································.143
6.3.2 概要設計 ·············································································.144
6.3.3 詳細設計 ·············································································.150
6.4 軟件測試 ·······················································································.154
6.4.1 軟件測試的目的和定義 ···························································.154
6.4.2 軟件測試的準則 ····································································.155
6.4.3 軟件測試方法與技術綜述 ························································.155
6.4.4 軟件測試的實施 ····································································.163
6.5 程序的調試 ····················································································.167
6.5.1 基本概念 ·············································································.167
6.5.2 軟件調試方法 ·······································································.168
習題6 ·································································································.170
第7 章 數據庫設計基礎 ··············································································.172
7.1 數據庫系統的基本概念 ·····································································.172
7.1.1 數據、數據庫、數據庫管理系統 ···············································.172
7.1.2 數據管理技術的發展 ······························································.176
7.1.3 數據庫系統的基本特點 ···························································.178
7.1.4 數據庫系統的內部結構體系 ·····················································.179
7.2 數據模型 ·······················································································.180
7.2.1 數據模型的基本概念 ······························································.180
7.2.2 概念模型 ·············································································.182
7.2.3 層次模型 ·············································································.184
7.2.4 網狀模型 ·············································································.185
7.2.5 關系模型 ·············································································.186
7.3 關系代數 ·······················································································.189
7.4 數據庫設計與管理 ···········································································.194
7.4.1 數據庫的設計方法 ·································································.194
7.4.2 數據庫的設計步驟 ·································································.194
7.4.3 數據庫的需求分析 ·································································.195
7.4.4 數據庫的概念設計 ·································································.196
7.4.5 數據庫的邏輯設計 ·································································.199
7.4.6 數據庫的物理設計 ·································································.201
習題7 ·································································································.202
第8 章 新一代信息技術 ··············································································.204
8.1 物聯網 ··························································································.204
8.1.1 物聯網的概述 ·······································································.204
8.1.2 物聯網的關鍵技術 ·································································.205
8.1.3 物聯網的應用 ·······································································.206
8.1.4 物聯網安全 ··········································································.208
8.2 人工智能 ·······················································································.209
8.2.1 人工智能的概述 ····································································.209
8.2.2 人工智能的發展階段 ······························································.209
8.2.3 人工智能的應用領域 ······························································.210
8.2.4 人工智能產品 ·······································································.212
8.2.5 人工智能的影響 ····································································.212
8.3 大數據 ··························································································.213
8.3.1 大數據的概述 ·······································································.213
8.3.2 大數據的特點 ·······································································.214
8.3.3 大數據的分析 ·······································································.215
8.3.4 大數據的應用 ·······································································.217
8.3.5 大數據的影響 ·······································································.218
8.4 雲計算 ··························································································.219
8.4.1 雲計算的概述 ·······································································.219
8.4.2 雲計算的特點 ·······································································.220
8.4.3 雲計算的交付模型 ·································································.221
8.4.4 雲計算的應用 ·······································································.222
8.4.5 雲計算的優勢與面臨的挑戰 ·····················································.223
8.5 區塊鏈 ··························································································.224
8.5.1 區塊鏈的概述 ·······································································.224
8.5.2 區塊鏈的特徵 ·······································································.225
8.5.3 區塊鏈的核心技術 ·································································.226
8.5.4 區塊鏈的應用領域 ·································································.227
8.5.5 區塊鏈面臨的機遇與挑戰 ························································.227
習題8 ·································································································.228
附錄A ASCII 編碼 ·····················································································.230