Decide Better: Open and Interoperable Local Digital Twins
暫譯: 更好的決策：開放與互操作的本地數位雙胞胎

這是一本開放存取的書籍。

《更好的決策：開放且可互操作的地方數位雙胞胎》探討了地方數位雙胞胎（Local Digital Twins, LDTs）在城市治理中的變革潛力。這本書首先介紹了LDT的概念，這些數位雙胞胎創建城市或地區的數位複製品，結合即時數據和模擬來輔助決策。書中強調LDT如何通過促進利益相關者之間的合作，並提供基於證據的見解來增強城市管理，從而為政策和操作策略提供支持。該書強調在LDT開發中開放性、互操作性和倫理使用的重要性，並為政策制定者、城市規劃者和技術專家提供實用指導。

這本書分為三個部分。第一部分討論LDT的基本原則及其在通過數據驅動決策使城市更智能方面的角色。第二部分專注於實施可重用的LDT架構，強調標準和互操作性。最後一部分則針對最大化LDT的影響，提供治理、可擴展性和倫理考量的策略。書中引用了現實世界的例子和專家見解，提供了一個全面的框架，以便在多樣化的城市環境中採用LDT，旨在推進可持續和以市民為中心的城市發展。

Lieven Raes is a distinguished professional holding master's degrees in Administrative Management and Land-Use Planning, showcasing a multifaceted expertise in public service innovation. Currently serving as a senior public servant at Digital Flanders within the Flemish government, Lieven has garnered extensive acclaim as a respected research and innovation consortium coordinator in the Smart City domain. Notably, Lieven spearheaded the EU (Horizon 2020) DUET project focused on Digital Urban European Twins, which received the prestigious Best Enabling Technologies award at the 2021 World Smart City Expo and Congress in Barcelona. Presently, Lieven assumes the role of coordinator for the EU COMPAIR Horizon 2020 consortium, facilitating the integration of Citizen Science with evidence-based decision-making through the utilisation of various domain-overarching IoT devices. Prior engagements include leading the (CIP) Open Transport Net consortium and the (Horizon 2020) POLIVISU consortium, all aimed at fostering data driven, evidence-informed decision-making. Alongside these achievements, Lieven played a pivotal role in driving the development of the Flanders e-government MAGDA platform, focusing on building permits and environmental permits. Continuously pushing the boundaries of research, Lieven is also engaged as a PhD candidate at the Public Governance Institute of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, further solidifying his commitment to advancing the realms of public administration and technological innovation.

Susie Ruston McAleer is an accomplished expert in research, innovation, and governance, dedicated to driving positive change and fostering inclusive digital innovation globally. For nearly two decades, she has empowered governments worldwide to leverage digital transformation for societal progress. As the founder of the digital innovation firm, 21C, Susie serves as a solution strategist, concept builder, and architect for award-winning digital research and innovation endeavours. Her exceptional track record includes securing over 20 multi- million Euro funding awards, notably Europe's inaugural Local Digital Twin project, recognised with a World Smart Cities Award. Currently, Susie contributes to research initiatives on AI trust (THEMIS 5.0), critical thinking elevation for combating disinformation (TITAN), responsible data sharing (DS2), and leveraging digital twins for positive energy districts (BIPED). In pivotal consultancy roles, she has shaped Microsoft's public sector strategy, and informed IBM's perspectives on public sector technologies. Susie's contributions also extend to the scientific community, where she has authored and edited numerous specialist papers and journals, including a seminal book on eParticipation published by the United Nations and the Council of Europe. With a blend of practical experience and scholarly insight, Susie continues to help drive the discourse on digital governance, shaping a more inclusive, efficient, and responsive public sector for the digital age.

Ingrid Croket graduated as a Commercial Engineer at the University of Antwerp in 1997 and obtained a master's degree in Enterprise IT Architecture at the Antwerp Management School in 2022. She has broad experience in programme and IT project management in public and private companies. Ingrid has strong analytical skills and a good understanding of how to match digital technologies with business challenges, thus contributing to the strategic alignment between IT and business requirements. Ingrid has vast experience in managing complex digitalisation programmes, such as the replacement of mainframe IT infrastructure at the Province of Antwerp by a web-based document and process management system. As part of the Master in Enterprise IT Architecture programme she designed for her master project an enterprise architecture model identifying how smart services of a digital twin contribute to the achievement of the sustainability goals for a city. In her role as project lead and architect for the AI & Data team at imec, she was involved in the VLOCA project (Flemish Open City Architecture) and contributed to the design of the Local Digital Twin Toolbox project for the European Commission.

Pavel Kogut holds a Master's degree from the esteemed London School of Economics, underscoring his commitment to academic excellence and professional advancement. He is an experienced and meticulous researcher, data analyst, and project manager, boasting over a decade of comprehensive experience in the field of European research and innovation. Pavel's expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of European Smart City, Maritime, and Rural projects, encompassing notable endeavours such as DUET for digital twin supported decision-making, COMPAIR citizen science sensors for behaviour change, and PERMAGOV for enhancing marine governance. Pavel's contributions transcend mere participation; he is an active advocate for all his projects, undertaking speaking engagements at events and workshops across Europe, and he is a prolific author of scientific papers, showcasing his profound understanding and insights within the domain. Prior to his work at digital innovation firm, 21C, Pavel honed his skills as an assistant analyst at the Hague Centre for Strategic Studies, a prestigious think-tank. There, he contributed to projects commissioned by senior clients including the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Dutch Safety Board. Preceding this, Pavel worked at the European Economic and Social Committee, collaborating closely with the EESC Labour Market Observatory on an impactful study concerning youth unemployment, demonstrating his early passion for fostering inclusive, positive change on a global scale.

Martin Brynskov, PhD, is a Danish academic and standardisation expert, serving as a Founding Board Member of Open & Agile Smart Cities & Communities (OASC). OASC is a global network of cities and communities, based in Brussels, that represents the needs of citizens and their communities towards Big Tech and regulators, advocating for Minimal Interoperability Mechanisms (MIMs). Related to the development of technical standards, Dr Brynskov is a contributor to ITU-T SG20 and related Focus Groups, co-leads the United Nations 'United for Smart and Sustainable Cities and Communities' (U4SSC) new architecture for digital, sustainable development, leads the Living-in.EU Technical Subgroup overseeing the MIMs Plus specifications for Europe, and he chairs the Danish Standards Committee for smart and sustainable cities and communities. With research focused on place-based computing and interaction technologies, Dr Brynskov has coordinated and led European digital transformation initiatives. His work spans research, innovation, deployment and policy, with a focus on connected communities, interoperability and ecosystems involving AI, IoT, data spaces and Local Digital Twins. Notable projects he has led include CitCom.ai - the European Testing and Experimentation Facility (TEF) for AI and Robotics for Smart Cities and Communities, the European Data Space for SmartCommunities and CommuniCity, which addresses the gaps in deploying emerging technologies, like AI and the metaverse, in marginalised communities. Dr Brynskov is a global expert, speaker and advisor on digital transformation with a human-centric focus.

Stefan Lefever holds Master's degrees in electronics and computer science and a postgraduate degree in business administration. He has 23 years of experience in the European telecom industry and has worked in different roles as an R&D engineer, system architect, enterprise architect and program director, delivering critical telecom infrastructure towards telecom providers and operators in different markets and driving the innovation of the company technology towards SDN and NFV. His passion for innovation within connectivity, sensor and data infrastructure within more societal domains embarked him in 2018 on a mission within imec to work on novel sensor devices, Open City Architecture and data ecosystems, early (Urban) Digital Twins and IoT data platform architectures as Technical Director within the City Of Things Program. Within this program, Stefan participated in numerous European and Flemish research programs within the vertical domains of environment, mobility, logistics and public health. Within these programs, his team focused mainly on the technology architecture of city sensors, IoT platforms, Local Digital Twins and Data Spaces from an enterprise architecture viewpoint. His broad knowledge and experience of different technologies and ecosystems have been used to bridge the gap between research, innovation and market uptake, and he fits very well with the Local Digital Twin as a system-of-systems concept.

Lieven Raes 是一位傑出的專業人士，擁有行政管理和土地使用規劃的碩士學位，展現出在公共服務創新方面的多元專業知識。目前，他在佛蘭德政府的數位佛蘭德擔任高級公務員，並在智慧城市領域作為受人尊敬的研究與創新聯盟協調員獲得廣泛讚譽。值得注意的是，Lieven 主導了歐盟（Horizon 2020）DUET 項目，專注於數位城市歐洲雙胞胎，該項目在2021年巴塞隆納世界智慧城市博覽會和大會上獲得了最佳促進技術獎。當前，Lieven 擔任歐盟 COMPAIR Horizon 2020 聯盟的協調員，促進公民科學與基於證據的決策的整合，利用各種跨領域的物聯網設備。之前的工作包括領導（CIP）開放交通網聯盟和（Horizon 2020）POLIVISU 聯盟，旨在促進數據驅動的、基於證據的決策。除了這些成就外，Lieven 在推動佛蘭德電子政府 MAGDA 平台的發展中發揮了關鍵作用，該平台專注於建築許可和環境許可。Lieven 目前還在魯汀大學公共治理研究所擔任博士候選人，進一步鞏固了他在公共行政和技術創新領域的承諾。

Susie Ruston McAleer 是一位在研究、創新和治理方面的傑出專家，致力於推動積極變革並促進全球包容性數位創新。近二十年來，她幫助全球各地的政府利用數位轉型促進社會進步。作為數位創新公司 21C 的創始人，Susie 擔任解決方案策略師、概念建構者和獲獎數位研究與創新工作的架構師。她的卓越成就包括獲得超過20個數百萬歐元的資金獎項，特別是歐洲首個地方數位雙胞胎項目，並獲得世界智慧城市獎。目前，Susie 參與了有關 AI 信任（THEMIS 5.0）、提升批判性思維以對抗虛假信息（TITAN）、負責任的數據共享（DS2）以及利用數位雙胞胎促進正能量區域（BIPED）的研究計劃。在關鍵的顧問角色中，她塑造了微軟的公共部門策略，並為 IBM 提供了有關公共部門技術的見解。Susie 的貢獻還延伸至科學界，她撰寫和編輯了多篇專業論文和期刊，包括由聯合國和歐洲理事會出版的關於電子參與的開創性書籍。憑藉實踐經驗和學術見解的結合，Susie 繼續推動數位治理的討論，塑造一個更具包容性、高效和響應的公共部門，以適應數位時代。

Ingrid Croket 於1997年在安特衛普大學獲得商業工程學位，並於2022年在安特衛普管理學院獲得企業 IT 架構碩士學位。她在公共和私營公司擁有廣泛的計劃和 IT 項目管理經驗。Ingrid 具備強大的分析能力，並對如何將數位技術與商業挑戰相匹配有良好的理解，從而促進 IT 與商業需求之間的戰略對齊。Ingrid 在管理複雜的數位化計劃方面擁有豐富的經驗，例如在安特衛普省用基於網頁的文檔和流程管理系統取代大型主機 IT 基礎設施。作為企業 IT 架構碩士課程的一部分，她為碩士項目設計了一個企業架構模型，確定數位雙胞胎的智慧服務如何促進城市可持續發展目標的實現。在 imec 擔任 AI 和數據團隊的項目負責人和架構師時，她參與了 VLOCA 項目（佛蘭德開放城市架構），並為歐洲委員會的地方數位雙胞胎工具箱項目的設計做出了貢獻。

Pavel Kogut 擁有倫敦政治經濟學院的碩士學位，彰顯了他對學術卓越和專業進步的承諾。他是一位經驗豐富且細心的研究員、數據分析師和項目經理，在歐洲研究和創新領域擁有超過十年的全面經驗。Pavel 的專業知識涵蓋了多個歐洲智慧城市、海事和農村項目，包括數位雙胞胎支持的決策（DUET）、促進行為改變的公民科學傳感器（COMPAIR）和增強海洋治理的 PERMAGOV。Pavel 的貢獻不僅僅是參與；他是所有項目的積極倡導者，並在歐洲的各種活動和研討會上擔任演講者，同時也是科學論文的多產作者，展示了他在該領域的深刻理解和見解。在加入數位創新公司 21C 之前，Pavel 在海牙戰略研究中心擔任助理分析師，這是一家著名的智庫。在那裡，他參與了由國防部、外交部和荷蘭安全委員會等高級客戶委託的項目。在此之前，Pavel 曾在歐洲經濟和社會委員會工作，與 EESC 勞動市場觀察站密切合作，進行了一項有關青年失業的影響研究，展現了他早期對促進全球包容性積極變革的熱情。

Martin Brynskov 博士是一位丹麥學者和標準化專家，擔任開放與敏捷智慧城市與社區（OASC）的創始董事會成員。OASC 是一個全球城市和社區網絡，總部位於布魯塞爾，代表市民及其社區對大型科技公司和監管機構的需求，倡導最小互操作性機制（MIMs）。在技術標準的發展方面，Brynskov 博士是 ITU-T SG20 和相關焦點小組的貢獻者，聯合領導聯合國「為智慧和可持續城市與社區而聯合」（U4SSC）數位可持續發展的新架構，負責監督歐洲的 MIMs Plus 規範，並擔任丹麥智慧和可持續城市與社區標準委員會的主席。Brynskov 博士的研究專注於基於地點的計算和互動技術，他協調並領導了歐洲數位轉型倡議。他的工作涵蓋研究、創新、部署和政策，重點在於連接社區、互操作性以及涉及 AI、物聯網、數據空間和地方數位雙胞胎的生態系統。他主導的著名項目包括 CitCom.ai - 歐洲智慧城市和社區的 AI 和機器人測試與實驗設施（TEF）、智慧社區的歐洲數據空間和 CommuniCity，旨在解決在邊緣社區中部署新興技術（如 AI 和元宇宙）的差距。Brynskov 博士是全球數位轉型的專家、演講者和顧問，專注於以人為本的發展。

Stefan Lefever 擁有電子學和計算機科學的碩士學位以及商業管理的研究生學位。他在歐洲電信行業擁有23年的經驗，曾擔任不同角色，包括研發工程師、系統架構師、企業架構師和項目總監，為不同市場的電信提供商和運營商提供關鍵的電信基礎設施，並推動公司技術向 SDN 和 NFV 的創新。他對於在更社會領域內的連接性、傳感器和數據基礎設施的創新充滿熱情，於2018年在 imec 開展了一項任務，專注於新型傳感器設備、開放城市架構和數據生態系統、早期（城市）數位雙胞胎和物聯網數據平台架構，擔任城市事務計劃的技術總監。在此計劃中，Stefan 參與了多個歐洲和佛蘭德的研究計劃，涵蓋環境、流動性、物流和公共健康等垂直領域。在這些計劃中，他的團隊主要專注於城市傳感器、物聯網平台、地方數位雙胞胎和數據空間的技術架構，從企業架構的角度出發。他對不同技術和生態系統的廣泛知識和經驗被用來彌合研究、創新和市場採用之間的差距，並且他非常適合將地方數位雙胞胎視為系統之系統的概念。