The Parkland School Shooter:: Culpability and Fasd

這本簡報探討了死刑的正當性，並以2018年佛羅里達州帕克蘭的馬喬里·斯通曼·道格拉斯高中槍擊事件作為案例研究。作者主張，當罪犯的障礙嚴重影響其做出理性決策的能力時，死刑是沒有正當理由的，無論罪行的嚴重性如何。本書檢視了校園槍手尼古拉斯·克魯茲的案例，他被診斷為胎兒酒精症候群（FASD），包括：

- FASD的性質、如何測量以及它在克魯茲身上的表現。
- FASD對克魯茲適應性功能的影響。
- “精神病影響”的概念，以及它如何導致許多心理健康專家忽視克魯茲的FASD及相關的腦損傷。
- FASD的更廣泛影響，並建議擴大死刑豁免，以包括與智力障礙（ID）等同的障礙。

通過聚焦於這個高度具爭議性的克魯茲案例，作者——來自審判的關鍵專家——提供了對FASD及其在確定刑事責任和判刑中常被忽視的角色的見解。本書對於從事死刑辯護工作的法醫心理學家、精神科醫生、心理健康專業人士、FASD/DD專家、研究人員和法律專業人士來說是必不可少的。

Natalie Novick Brown is a forensic psychologist in the Seattle area and courtesy Clinical Assistant Professor at the University of Washington School of Medicine. She co-founded "FASD Experts," the leading multidisciplinary group that conducts evaluations of FASD defendants in capital cases. Those capital cases included the Parkland shooter Nikolas Cruz, for whose legal team she compiled a definitive social-developmental history and conducted adaptive behavior assessments. She has evaluated several hundred adolescents and adults with FASD, trained graduate students and psychologists on the subject, testified in capital murder cases in nearly 20 states, and authored over 40 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters dealing with FASD. Her edited book Evaluating Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in the Forensic Context: A manual for mental health practice (2021) is the most authoritative book on the subject. She, along with the other two authors, was elected to the Hall of Fame of FASD United, formerly the National Organization for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. She was retained as a defense expert in the Parkland case and evaluated Nikolas Cruz but did not testify.

Stephen Greenspan is a developmental psychologist who is Emeritus Professor of Educational Psychology at the University of Connecticut, where he was director of the A. J. Pappanikou Center for Developmental Disorders. He is the most-cited authority in the Intellectual and Developmental Disability (IDD) section of DSM-5 and DSM-5-TR and has authored or co-authored nearly 100 scholarly publications pertaining to the IDD population, with much of his recent work involving forensic issues pertaining to FASD and its IDD-equivalence. He has testified in many criminal cases (mostly homicides) involving offenders with possible IDD, including FASD. The focus of much of his work is on social incompetence, particularly gullibility and foolishness (lack of risk-awareness) as defining features of IDD, and he has written the only comprehensive books on both of those topics: Annals of Gullibility (2009) and Anatomy of Foolishness (2019). He was retained as a defense expert in the Parkland case but did not testify.

Karen Steele is an attorney based in Salem, Oregon, whose practice involves complex/capital cases with an emphasis on neurodevelopmental issues (e.g., FASD) and late adolescent brain development. Specifically, she identifies the consequent behavioral attributes, needs, and vulnerabilities stemming from those conditions as well as their forensic implications, using that information to deepen the court's understanding of her clients' disabilities. A sole practitioner, Karen's practice interests flow from the lives, conditions, and contexts of her clients, including the 1987 capital prosecution of a youth who was 30 days past his 18th birthday and now is in his mid-50s. Outside of individual case contexts, Karen consults, presents, and writes on the relevance and treatment of neurodevelopmental conditions in court and correctional settings and on ethical and practice standards in investigating, integrating, and presenting neuroscientific information, which include Forward-Thinking Mitigation and excuses for not presenting information, such as "Double-Edged Sword" evidence.

Natalie Novick Brown 是西雅圖地區的法醫心理學家，並擔任華盛頓大學醫學院的客座臨床助理教授。她共同創立了「FASD Experts」，這是一個領先的多學科團隊，專門對涉及死刑案件的 FASD 被告進行評估。這些死刑案件包括帕克蘭槍手尼古拉斯·克魯茲（Nikolas Cruz），她為其法律團隊編寫了詳細的社會發展歷史並進行了適應性行為評估。她已評估了數百名患有 FASD 的青少年和成人，並在該主題上培訓研究生和心理學家，還在近 20 個州的死刑謀殺案件中作證，並撰寫了超過 40 篇同行評審的期刊文章和書籍章節，涉及 FASD。她編輯的書籍《Evaluating Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in the Forensic Context: A manual for mental health practice》（2021）是該主題上最具權威性的書籍。她與其他兩位作者一起被選入 FASD United 榮譽殿堂，該組織前身為全國胎兒酒精症候群組織。她在帕克蘭案件中被聘為辯方專家，並評估了尼古拉斯·克魯茲，但並未作證。

Stephen Greenspan 是一位發展心理學家，擔任康涅狄格大學教育心理學的名譽教授，曾任 A. J. Pappanikou 發展障礙中心的主任。他是《精神疾病診斷與統計手冊》第五版（DSM-5）和第六版（DSM-5-TR）中智力和發展性障礙（IDD）部分被引用最多的權威，並撰寫或共同撰寫了近 100 篇與 IDD 人群相關的學術出版物，最近的許多工作涉及與 FASD 及其 IDD 等價性相關的法醫問題。他在許多涉及可能有 IDD 的罪犯（包括 FASD）的刑事案件中作證（大多數為謀殺案）。他工作的重點是社會無能，特別是輕信和愚蠢（缺乏風險意識）作為 IDD 的定義特徵，他撰寫了這兩個主題的唯一綜合書籍：《Annals of Gullibility》（2009）和《Anatomy of Foolishness》（2019）。他在帕克蘭案件中被聘為辯方專家，但並未作證。

Karen Steele 是一位位於俄勒岡州塞勒姆的律師，其業務涉及複雜/死刑案件，重點關注神經發展問題（例如 FASD）和晚期青少年大腦發展。具體而言，她識別出這些條件所帶來的行為特徵、需求和脆弱性，以及它們的法醫意涵，利用這些信息加深法庭對其客戶殘疾的理解。作為一名獨立執業者，Karen 的業務興趣源於她客戶的生活、狀況和背景，包括 1987 年對一名剛滿 18 歲 30 天的青少年的死刑起訴，該青少年現在已過 50 歲。除了個案背景外，Karen 還就神經發展條件在法庭和矯正機構中的相關性和治療進行諮詢、演講和撰寫，並探討在調查、整合和呈現神經科學信息時的倫理和實踐標準，包括前瞻性減輕和不呈現信息的理由，例如「雙刃劍」證據。