Sustainable Education and Development - Clean Energy: Proceedings of the Applied Research Conference in Africa (Arca), 2023, Volume 1

本書是2023年可持續教育與發展研究會議的論文集第一卷。本卷專注於清潔能源領域的論文。

儘管取得了相當大的進展，全球仍有超過7億人無法獲得電力，約有24億人繼續使用有害且污染的燃料進行烹飪。雖然已經努力推廣可再生能源和能源效率，但這些努力的速度仍然不足以實現可持續發展目標7。更具挑戰性的是，烏克蘭持續的戰爭導致全球能源價格上漲，並加劇了歐洲的能源不安全。為應對能源危機，一些歐洲國家計劃加速向可再生能源的轉型，並增加對清潔能源和能源效率的投資。然而，其他國家則考慮重新使用煤炭，這對整體綠色轉型構成風險。

在2010年至2020年間，全球擁有電力的比例從83%增至91%，有13億人獲得了電力。然而，這仍然使約7.33億人無法獲得電力，其中大多數居住在撒哈拉以南非洲。要在2030年前實現普遍電力獲得，年增長率需要從0.5個百分點加速至0.9個百分點，這需要在低收入、脆弱和受衝突影響的國家付出重大努力。到2020年，全球69%的人口擁有清潔烹飪燃料和技術。雖然超過一半的無法獲得清潔烹飪燃料的人口生活在亞洲，但擁有清潔烹飪獲得比例最低的20個國家主要是非洲的最不發達國家。

2019年，全球可再生能源在最終能源消耗中的比例達到17.7%，略高於2015年的數字。電力部門在可再生能源的採用中領先，2019年佔最終能源消耗的26.2%，而熱能和運輸部門的進展有限。

全球初級能源強度（定義為全球總能源供應與GDP的比率）從2010年的每美元5.6兆焦耳（2017年購買力平價）改善至2019年的4.7兆焦耳。然而，自2015年以來，改善的年均速度（1.6%）未達到實現可持續發展目標7.3所需的3.2%年增長率。

2019年，國際金融流向發展中國家支持清潔和可再生能源的資金達到109億美元，較2018年下降23.6%。這一下降發生在COVID-19疫情爆發之前。在更長的五年移動平均中，年均承諾自2008年以來首次下降，從2014-2018年的175億美元降至2015-2019年的166億美元。

儘管發展中國家在2020年創下每人245.7瓦的可再生能源裝機容量紀錄，但小島嶼發展中國家、最不發達國家和內陸發展中國家仍然落後。最不發達國家和內陸發展中國家需要近40年，而小島嶼發展中國家則需要近15年才能達到2020年平均發展中國家的同等進展水平。

2023年SEDRC會議以「可持續發展與教育」為主題，旨在重新定義對大陸發展的研究理解及研究者的角色。會議專注於應用研究的討論及其傳播。來自研究機構的研究人員、學者、研究生、政治家和行業代表將是會議論文集的主要受眾。

Clinton Aigbavboa is a Professor at the Department of Construction Management and Quantity Surveying, University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Prof. Aigbavboa is the immediate past Vice Dean of the Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, South Africa. He has extensive knowledge in practice, research, training and teaching.

He is currently the Director, DSI/NRF Research Chair in sustainable construction management and leadership in the built environment; Director of the Construction Industry Development Board Centre of Excellence and the Sustainable Human Settlement and Construction Research Centre at the University of Johannesburg.

Prof Aigbavboa has authored and co-authored more than 1000 accredited journal articles, conference papers, and book chapters. He is also an author of twenty-one (21) research books that were published with Springer Nature and CRC Press. He has successfully graduated over hundred and sixty (160) Master's students and Sixty-three (63) PhD students. Likewise, he has supervised/ hosted over ten (10) postdoctoral researchers to completion and is currently hosting six (6) postdoctoral researchers. Prof Aigbavboa has self-generated in excess of R35 millions of research funding. Prof Aigbavboa has collaborated with experts in the construction industry, both locally and internationally, to create new knowledge and provide practical solutions in the built environment.

Prof. Mojekwu, Joseph Nnamdi is an erudite Scholar and the current Head of the Department of Actuarial Science and Insurance, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Lagos, Nigeria. He has won many awards and scholarship grants both nationally and internationally.

He has in his possession; B.Sc. in Statistics, M.Sc. in Statistics, M.A. in Demography, Master of Business Administration and Ph. D in Social Statistics.

His research interests span through Social Statistics, Actuarial Analysis, Modelling and Social Research Methods.

He has over 70 publications to his credit in learned journals and a standard textbook in Business Statistics.

Professor Wellington Didibhuku Thwala is the Executive Dean of the Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology, Walter Sisulu University, East London, South Africa. Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering. He has varied research interests, including project management, construction management, supply chain management and leadership in the construction industry, construction digitalisation, Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) and smart cities. He is the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Construction Project Management and Innovation. He has more than 600 published and peer-reviewed journals, chapters in books, and conference proceedings locally and internationally. He has authored more than fifteen (15) books.

He has successfully graduated over three hundred (300) Master's students and Eighty (80) PhD students across Africa.

Professor Wellington Didibhuku Thwala recently received an award as a winner of the Engineering Research Capacity Development and Technology for Construction category at the annual National Science and Technology Forum in South Africa. He was awarded Best Sustainable Construction Researcher in Africa by SEDRC.

Prof. Lawrence Atepor joined the service of the Cape Coast Polytechnic in 1997 as a Lecturer in the Department of Mechanical Engineering. By dint of hard work, he was appointed to Head the Mechanical Department. He served as the Dean of the School of Engineering from 2003 to 2005 and as a member of the Governing Council of the Polytechnic. He served a full term of three years on the Council where he worked with others to provide leadership to the polytechnic in its search for excellence. He also lectured at the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) and the university of Cape Coast (UCC) for several years.

In 2009, Prof. Atepor was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Glasgow, United Kingdom, the first-ever Mechanical Engineering Department in the United Kingdom, where he did extensive work on vibration control in rotating machines and structures. He showed that it was possible to reduce vibration by using smart materials like Shape Memory Alloys and Piezoelectric materials. He became a Senior Lecturer in 2009, an Associate Professor in 2013 and a Professor in 2021

Professor Atepor is a distinguished Researcher. He has many Peer- Reviewed Journal articles, Refereed Conference publications and (4) Books to his credit. He is a member of the Governing Council of the Ghana Institution of Engineers and editor of many international scientific journals.

Prof. Atepor also holds other professional qualifications. These include: Member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (MASME), Member of the Ghana Institute of Engineers (MGhiE), Associate Member of IMechE and CEng, AMIMECHE and Member of the Institute of International Education, America (MIIE).

EMMANUEL ADINYIRA is a Professor of Construction Project Management in the Department of Construction

Technology and Management, College of Art and Built Environment, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana. His areas of specialization include: Construction Project Management, Building Services and Construction Education and Training. He holds BSc (Hons) and PhD degrees in Building Technology with extensive industry and research experience in Construction Project Management.

He served as a guest editor, editor, editorial board member and reviewer for several national and international journals and conferences. I have been a visiting scholar at Loughborough University, UK, University of Johannesburg, South Africa and University of West of England, Bristol UK. He served as a placement coach (local supervisor) for the following international programmes: Bachelor, Urban and Regional Planning, Saxion University of Applied Science, Netherlands and International Project Management (IPM), Hochschule Fur Technik Stuttgart University of Applied Sciences Germany.

Prof. Gabriel Nani is an Associate Professor in the Department of Construction Technology and Management of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi. He holds a doctorate degree in Building Technology specializing in procurement, contract management and quantity surveying. He is a Fellow of the Ghana Institution of Surveyors (GhIS) and a Chartered Member of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS), UK. He is also a member of the Ghana Institute of Construction (GIOC) and an Associate of the Chartered Institute of Procurement and Supply (CIPS).

He has published over 100 scholarly articles and books relating to contract management, quantity surveying, procurement, and construction. He is a co-author of two major books on construction. He developed through research, the Standard Method of Measurement of Building Works for Ghana (SMMG) and Measurement of Building Works with Information on the Construction Industry and Approximate Estimating.

Prof. Emmanuel Bamfo-Agyei is an Associate Professor and has PhD in Engineering Management; a Master of Science in Construction Management; a Bachelor of Science in Building Technology; and a Higher National Diploma in Building Technology. He is a Quantity Surveyor, a Professional Member of the Ghana Institution of Surveyors and an Associate Professor at Cape Coast Technical University in Ghana. Currently the Dean of the School of Graduate Studies and Research at Cape Coast Technical University. He is a visiting Professor at Walter Sisulu University, South Africa. He is also a Research Fellow with the University of South Africa, UNISA, South Africa. He is an external Examiner for postgraduate programmes at the University of Johannesburg, Durban University of Technology, South Africa, University of Zambia and Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. He has authored a book and several journal publications to his credit. He is the Editor-in-Chief of the African Journal of Applied Research.

克林頓·艾格巴博（Clinton Aigbavboa）是南非約翰尼斯堡大學建設管理與工料測量系的教授。艾格巴博教授是約翰尼斯堡大學工程與建築環境學院的前副院長。他在實踐、研究、培訓和教學方面擁有豐富的知識。

他目前擔任可持續建設管理與建築環境領導的DSI/NRF研究主席的主任；約翰尼斯堡大學建設產業發展委員會卓越中心的主任，以及可持續人類居住與建設研究中心的主任。

艾格巴博教授已發表和共同發表超過1000篇經認可的期刊文章、會議論文和書籍章節。他還是與Springer Nature和CRC Press出版的二十一部（21）研究書籍的作者。他成功指導了超過160名碩士生和63名博士生。同樣，他也指導/接待了超過十名（10）博士後研究人員完成研究，目前正在接待六名（6）博士後研究人員。艾格巴博教授自籌研究資金超過3500萬南非蘭特。他與本地及國際建設產業的專家合作，創造新知識並提供建築環境中的實用解決方案。

約瑟夫·南姆迪·莫傑庫（Prof. Mojekwu, Joseph Nnamdi）是一位博學的學者，現任尼日利亞拉哥斯大學管理科學學院精算科學與保險系主任。他在國內外獲得了多項獎項和獎學金。

他擁有統計學學士學位、統計學碩士學位、人口學碩士學位、工商管理碩士學位和社會統計學博士學位。

他的研究興趣涵蓋社會統計、精算分析、建模和社會研究方法。

他在學術期刊上發表了超過70篇論文，並出版了一本商業統計的標準教科書。

威靈頓·迪迪布庫·特瓦拉（Professor Wellington Didibhuku Thwala）是南非東倫敦瓦爾特·西蘇魯大學工程、建築環境與資訊科技學院的執行院長，並在土木工程系擔任教授。他的研究興趣多樣，包括專案管理、建設管理、供應鏈管理及建設產業的領導、建設數位化、第四次工業革命（4IR）和智慧城市。他是《建設專案管理與創新期刊》的主編，已在國內外發表超過600篇經審查的期刊文章、書籍章節和會議論文。他已出版超過十五本（15）書籍。

他成功指導了超過300名碩士生和80名博士生，遍及非洲。

威靈頓·迪迪布庫·特瓦拉教授最近在南非年度國家科學與技術論壇中獲得了建設類工程研究能力發展與技術獎項。他被SEDRC評選為非洲最佳可持續建設研究者。

勞倫斯·阿特波（Prof. Lawrence Atepor）於1997年加入開普海岸理工學院，擔任機械工程系講師。憑藉努力工作，他被任命為機械系主任。他於2003年至2005年擔任工程學院院長，並擔任理工學院的理事會成員。他在理事會任期內工作三年，與其他成員共同為理工學院的卓越追求提供領導。他還在克瓦美·恩克魯瑪科技大學授課。