Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes and Photon Counting Systems: From Phototransduction to Circuit Architecture
暫譯: 單光子雪崩二極體與光子計數系統：從光轉導到電路架構

本書涵蓋了單光子雪崩二極體（SPADs）設計的最新趨勢，這些二極體是現代光子計數系統中的前端感測器。作者描述了使這些裝置能夠進行光子計數的基本物理原理。他們還討論了由這些探測器組成的系統，特別描述了可用於實現高保真光子計數的電路架構。內容包括作者研究小組設計的示例裝置和系統，以及其他領域專家採取的不同方法。

作者採取了一種獨特的模組化方法，涵蓋設計堆疊的各個方面，並設有獨立的章節，讓讀者能夠專注於技術堆疊的特定方面。內容包括探測器的裝置物理特性、它們在現代電子製造技術（如CMOS）中的整合，以及利用這些探測器的應用特定系統。

Marc Dandin received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering and the PhD degree in Bioengineering, all from the University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, where he also holds a courtesy appointment in the Biomedical Engineering Department. His current research focuses on integrated circuit design and microsystems development for biomedical applications. He was an Adjunct Professor of Electrical Engineering at the George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA, where he developed and taught graduate courses in analog and radio-frequency integrated circuit design. He was the Founder and CEO of Kiskeya Microsystems LLC, Rockville, MD, USA, a company developing point-of-care diagnostics technologies for resource-limited settings. He is an intellectual property professional with over ten years of experience in patent preparation and prosecution. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE and the recipient of the Early Career Distinguished Alumni Award from the University of Maryland, College Park. He is also the recipient of the Fischell Fellowship in Biomedical Engineering and of the Jimmy H.C. Lin Award for Entrepreneurship. He is a member of the Advisory Board of the Fischell Department of Bioengineering at the University of Maryland, College Park.
Nicole McFarlane is an Associate Professor at the University of Tennessee. Her work focuses on circuits and devices for sensing systems, and her research directions include carbon-based nanostructures and CMOS-based solutions for biological, environmental, and nuclear science applications. She also works on hardware implemented security solutions and tradeoffs on information and power in mixed-signal systems. She currently serves as the Advance Professor in the Tickle College of Engineering. She serves on the Biomedical and Life Science Circuits and Systems and the Sensory Systems Technical Committees for the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society (CASS) and was a member of the IEEE CASS Board of Governors for 2018-2020 and 2021-2023 terms. She has been an Associate Editor for the IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems and the IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems. She has also served as the Associate Editor-in-Chief for Digital Communications for the IEEE Open Journal on Circuits and Systems and is currently serving as the Editor-in-Chief for the journal.
Md Sakibur Sajal received his B.S. degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh in 2017. He served as an Adjunct Lecturer at BUET before joining United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh as a full-time faculty in the same year. He joined the department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University as a graduate student in the Fall of 2020 where he received his M.S. degree in 2023. Currently, he is a PhD candidate at Carnegie Mellon, and his research focus is the development of perimeter gated single photon avalanche diode (pg-SPAD) imagers for novel applications. His work on pg-SPAD imagers has resulted in multiple publications, notably on physically unclonable functions (PUFs) implemented with pg-SPADs and on true random number generation with entropy maximization by noise modulation.

Fahimeh Dehghandehnavi received her B.S. degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering in 2019 from the University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, and her M.S. in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2022 from Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Currently, she is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University. Her doctoral research focuses on CMOS sensors ranging from pg-SPAD imagers to capacitance biosensors.
Babak Nouri earned the B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from George Mason University, the M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute, and the PhD degree in Electrical Engineering, from the University of Maryland, College Park. His doctoral research at the University of Maryland (College Park), focused on the design, simulation, fabrication and testing of integrated single-photon sensing and processing systems based on single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) pixel detectors. Notably, his worked focused on the design, development and testing of: large-area digital SPAD pixels structurally adapted for ultra-low dark noise levels, with specialized front-end electronics for high digital throughput; SPAD-based digital readout detector arrays with on-chip analog encoding of aggregated digital pixel outputs; integrated decoding architectures for free-running digitization and readout of SPAD-based digital pixel arrays, and on novel analytical models for improved dead time corrections in SPAD front-ends. He also has served as an adjunct professor in advanced analog electronic design at the George Washington University (GWU), and as a guest technical reviewer for the Optics Express journal.

**Marc Dandin** 於美國馬里蘭州的馬里蘭大學（University of Maryland, College Park）獲得電機工程學士（B.S.）、碩士（M.S.）及生物工程博士（PhD）學位。他目前是美國卡內基梅隆大學（Carnegie Mellon University）電機與計算機工程系的助理教授，同時在生物醫學工程系擔任兼任職位。他目前的研究重點是針對生物醫學應用的集成電路設計和微系統開發。他曾擔任美國喬治華盛頓大學（George Washington University）電機工程的兼任教授，開發並教授模擬及射頻集成電路設計的研究生課程。他是Kiskeya Microsystems LLC的創始人兼首席執行官，該公司專注於為資源有限的環境開發即時診斷技術。他是一位擁有超過十年專利準備和訴訟經驗的知識產權專業人士。他是IEEE的高級會員，並獲得馬里蘭大學的早期職業傑出校友獎。他還獲得生物醫學工程的Fischell獎學金和Jimmy H.C. Lin創業獎。他是馬里蘭大學Fischell生物工程系的諮詢委員會成員。

**Nicole McFarlane** 是田納西大學（University of Tennessee）的副教授。她的工作專注於感測系統的電路和設備，研究方向包括基於碳的納米結構和CMOS解決方案，應用於生物、環境和核科學。她還致力於硬體實現的安全解決方案以及混合信號系統中信息和功率的權衡。她目前擔任Tickle工程學院的Advance教授。她在IEEE電路與系統學會（CASS）的生物醫學與生命科學電路和系統及感測系統技術委員會任職，並曾於2018-2020及2021-2023年任IEEE CASS理事會成員。她曾擔任IEEE生物醫學電路與系統期刊的副編輯，以及IEEE開放電路與系統期刊的數位通訊副主編，目前擔任該期刊的主編。

**Md Sakibur Sajal** 於2017年在孟加拉國工程與科技大學（Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, BUET）獲得電氣與電子工程學士學位。在同年，他在BUET擔任兼任講師，隨後加入孟加拉國國際大學（United International University）擔任全職教職。他於2020年秋季進入卡內基梅隆大學電機與計算機工程系攻讀研究生，並於2023年獲得碩士學位。目前，他是卡內基梅隆大學的博士候選人，研究重點是針對新應用開發周邊閘單光子雪崩二極體（pg-SPAD）成像器。他在pg-SPAD成像器方面的研究已發表多篇論文，特別是在使用pg-SPAD實現的物理不可克隆函數（PUFs）和通過噪聲調製最大化熵的真隨機數生成方面。

**Fahimeh Dehghandehnavi** 於2019年在伊朗德黑蘭大學（University of Tehran）獲得電氣與電子工程學士學位，並於2022年在卡內基梅隆大學獲得電機與計算機工程碩士學位。目前，她是卡內基梅隆大學電機與計算機工程系的博士候選人。她的博士研究專注於從pg-SPAD成像器到電容生物傳感器的CMOS傳感器。

**Babak Nouri** 獲得喬治梅森大學（George Mason University）的電機工程學士學位，維吉尼亞理工學院（Virginia Polytechnic Institute）的電機工程碩士學位，以及馬里蘭大學（University of Maryland, College Park）的電機工程博士學位。他在馬里蘭大學的博士研究專注於基於單光子雪崩二極體（SPAD）像素檢測器的集成單光子感測和處理系統的設計、模擬、製造和測試。值得注意的是，他的工作集中於設計、開發和測試：結構上適應超低暗噪聲水平的大面積數位SPAD像素，具有高數位通量的專用前端電子學；基於SPAD的數位讀出檢測器陣列，具有片上模擬編碼的聚合數位像素輸出；SPAD基數位像素陣列的自由運行數位化和讀出的集成解碼架構，以及改進SPAD前端死時間修正的新型分析模型。他還曾擔任喬治華盛頓大學（GWU）高級模擬電子設計的兼任教授，並擔任Optics Express期刊的客座技術審稿人。