Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes and Photon Counting Systems: From Phototransduction to Circuit Architecture

本書涵蓋了單光子雪崩二極體（SPADs）設計中的最新趨勢，這些設備是現代光子計數系統中的前端感測器。作者描述了使這些設備能夠進行光子計數的基本物理原理。他們還討論了由這些探測器製成的系統，具體描述了可能用於實現高保真光子計數的電路架構。內容包括作者研究小組設計的示例設備和系統，以及其他領域專家採取的不同方法。

作者採用獨特的模塊化方法，涵蓋了設計堆棧的每個方面，並提供獨立的章節，讓讀者專注於技術堆棧的特定方面。內容包括探測器的器件物理方面，它們在CMOS等現代電子製造技術中的集成，以及利用這些探測器的特定應用系統。

Marc Dandin received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering and the PhD degree in Bioengineering, all from the University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, where he also holds a courtesy appointment in the Biomedical Engineering Department. His current research focuses on integrated circuit design and microsystems development for biomedical applications. He was an Adjunct Professor of Electrical Engineering at the George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA, where he developed and taught graduate courses in analog and radio-frequency integrated circuit design. He was the Founder and CEO of Kiskeya Microsystems LLC, Rockville, MD, USA, a company developing point-of-care diagnostics technologies for resource-limited settings. He is an intellectual property professional with over ten years of experience in patent preparation and prosecution. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE and the recipient of the Early Career Distinguished Alumni Award from the University of Maryland, College Park. He is also the recipient of the Fischell Fellowship in Biomedical Engineering and of the Jimmy H.C. Lin Award for Entrepreneurship. He is a member of the Advisory Board of the Fischell Department of Bioengineering at the University of Maryland, College Park.
Nicole McFarlane is an Associate Professor at the University of Tennessee. Her work focuses on circuits and devices for sensing systems, and her research directions include carbon-based nanostructures and CMOS-based solutions for biological, environmental, and nuclear science applications. She also works on hardware implemented security solutions and tradeoffs on information and power in mixed-signal systems. She currently serves as the Advance Professor in the Tickle College of Engineering. She serves on the Biomedical and Life Science Circuits and Systems and the Sensory Systems Technical Committees for the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society (CASS) and was a member of the IEEE CASS Board of Governors for 2018-2020 and 2021-2023 terms. She has been an Associate Editor for the IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems and the IEEE Open Journal of Circuits and Systems. She has also served as the Associate Editor-in-Chief for Digital Communications for the IEEE Open Journal on Circuits and Systems and is currently serving as the Editor-in-Chief for the journal.
Md Sakibur Sajal received his B.S. degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh in 2017. He served as an Adjunct Lecturer at BUET before joining United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh as a full-time faculty in the same year. He joined the department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University as a graduate student in the Fall of 2020 where he received his M.S. degree in 2023. Currently, he is a PhD candidate at Carnegie Mellon, and his research focus is the development of perimeter gated single photon avalanche diode (pg-SPAD) imagers for novel applications. His work on pg-SPAD imagers has resulted in multiple publications, notably on physically unclonable functions (PUFs) implemented with pg-SPADs and on true random number generation with entropy maximization by noise modulation.

Fahimeh Dehghandehnavi received her B.S. degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering in 2019 from the University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, and her M.S. in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2022 from Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Currently, she is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University. Her doctoral research focuses on CMOS sensors ranging from pg-SPAD imagers to capacitance biosensors.
Babak Nouri earned the B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from George Mason University, the M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute, and the PhD degree in Electrical Engineering, from the University of Maryland, College Park. His doctoral research at the University of Maryland (College Park), focused on the design, simulation, fabrication and testing of integrated single-photon sensing and processing systems based on single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) pixel detectors. Notably, his worked focused on the design, development and testing of: large-area digital SPAD pixels structurally adapted for ultra-low dark noise levels, with specialized front-end electronics for high digital throughput; SPAD-based digital readout detector arrays with on-chip analog encoding of aggregated digital pixel outputs; integrated decoding architectures for free-running digitization and readout of SPAD-based digital pixel arrays, and on novel analytical models for improved dead time corrections in SPAD front-ends. He also has served as an adjunct professor in advanced analog electronic design at the George Washington University (GWU), and as a guest technical reviewer for the Optics Express journal.

Marc Dandin在美國馬里蘭大學獲得電機工程學士、碩士學位，以及生物工程博士學位。他目前是卡內基梅隆大學電機與計算機工程系的助理教授，同時也在生物醫學工程系擔任禮貌職位。他目前的研究重點是生物醫學應用的集成電路設計和微系統開發。他曾是喬治華盛頓大學電機工程的兼職教授，在那裡開發並教授了模擬和射頻集成電路設計的研究生課程。他曾是Kiskeya Microsystems LLC的創始人兼首席執行官，該公司開發了用於資源有限環境的即時診斷技術。他是一位具有十年以上專利準備和審查經驗的知識產權專業人士。他是IEEE的高級會員，並獲得了馬里蘭大學的早期職業傑出校友獎和Fischell生物醫學工程獎學金以及Jimmy H.C. Lin創業獎。他是馬里蘭大學Fischell生物醫學工程系顧問委員會的成員。

Nicole McFarlane是田納西大學的副教授。她的工作重點是感測系統的電路和設備，研究方向包括基於碳的納米結構和基於CMOS的生物、環境和核科學應用解決方案。她還研究硬件實現的安全解決方案以及混合信號系統中信息和功率的權衡。她目前擔任Tickle工程學院的Advance教授。她是IEEE電路與系統學會（CASS）生物醫學和生命科學電路與系統以及感知系統技術委員會的成員，並在2018-2020年和2021-2023年擔任IEEE CASS理事會成員。她曾擔任IEEE生物醫學電路與系統交易和IEEE開放電路與系統期刊的副編輯，並擔任IEEE開放電路與系統期刊的數字通信副主編，目前擔任該期刊的主編。

Md Sakibur Sajal於2017年從孟加拉工程與技術大學獲得電氣與電子工程學士學位。他在同年加入孟加拉聯合國際大學擔任全職教職前曾在孟加拉工程與技術大學擔任兼職講師。他於2020年秋季加入卡內基梅隆大學電機與計算機工程系攻讀碩士學位，並於2023年獲得碩士學位。目前，他是卡內基梅隆大學的博士候選人，他的研究重點是開發用於新型應用的周邊門控單光子雪崩二極管（pg-SPAD）成像器。他在pg-SPAD成像器上的工作已經產生了多篇論文，特別是關於使用pg-SPAD實現的物理不可複製功能（PUFs）以及通過噪聲調製實現熵最大化的真隨機數生成。

Fahimeh Dehghandehnavi於2019年從伊朗德黑蘭的德黑蘭大學獲得電氣與電子工程學士學位，並於2022年從卡內基梅隆大學獲得電機與計算機工程碩士學位。目前，她是卡內基梅隆大學電機與計算機工程系的博士候選人。她的博士研究重點是從pg-SPAD成像器到電容生物傳感器的CMOS感測器。