Democratic Defence as Normal Politics: Everyday Opposition to Populist Parties in Multilevel Europe
暫譯: 作為常態政治的民主防衛：多層次歐洲對民粹主義政黨的日常反對

Populist parties in Europe attract many more votes than they did just a few
decades ago and are now much more likely to govern. They have also become key
players in the international sphere. At the same time, the relationship between
democracy and populism is subject to substantial scholarly and public debate.
This raises questions about opposition to this controversial set of political
actors: do opponents favour the use of rights-restricting and
exclusionary repertoires typical of 'militant democracy' responses to anti-
democratic or extremist parties? Or do opponents favour the ordinary, persuasive
and sometimes inclusive strategies more typical of the daily conduct of liberal
democratic politics? To what extent is opposition conceived of as democratic
defence? How do strategies vary among countries and in relation to different
types of populist parties? How do international and transnational actors respond?
Addressing these questions, the book presents new research mapping opposition
to the Hungarian Civic Alliance (Fidesz), Law and Justice in Poland, Alternative for
Germany, League and Five Start Movement in Italy, Podemos and Vox in Spain,
the Sweden Democrats and the Danish People's Party. It argues that opposition
to populist parties in contemporary Europe is, in most cases, best conceived of as
democratic defence as normal politics. That is, while there is no direct link
between populism and a decline in democratic quality, critical claims justifying
acts of opposition often problematise populist parties as threats to
liberal democratic principles and values. At the same time, opponents are
more likely to respond to populist parties using the repertoires of normal
politics - or strategies typically employed against less controversial
groupings - than the exceptional, rights-restricting instruments typically used
against extremists. The case of Alternative for Germany, in which exceptional
politics continues to guide much opposition, remains a case apart.