Using 137cs Resampling Method to Estimate Mean Soil Erosion Rates for Selected Time Windows
Porto, Paolo, Fulajtar, Emil, Kheng Heng, Lee
- 出版商: Springer
- 出版日期: 2024-05-14
- 售價: $7,010
- 貴賓價: 9.5 折 $6,660
- 語言: 英文
- 頁數: 137
- 裝訂: Hardcover - also called cloth, retail trade, or trade
- ISBN: 3031528069
- ISBN-13: 9783031528064
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商品描述
This book provides guidelines for using a new approach of resampling the Cs-137 radionuclide tracer which is used to estimate soil erosion rates. The Cs-137 resampling approach will improve significantly the use of the Cs-137 method for assessment of soil erosion, because resampling the radionuclide repeatedly (at least two times, but more sampling campaigns are possible) allows to avoid several methodological difficulties associated with Cs-137 method, namely the problems with small-scale spatial heterogeneity, the question of representativeness of reference site, reference samples, and inappropriate time extent of evaluated period. All these methodological problems are very important for reliability and accuracy of erosion rates estimated by Cs-137 method. If using single sampling approach, the small-scale spatial heterogeneity can be overcome by high number of sampling points, but this is time and labour demanding solution increasing the expenses of the erosion research. The representativeness of reference site is evaluated usually on the basis of expert judgement and knowledge of land use history of studied area, but this approach is often uncertain because the expert judgement can be subjective and the data on land use history is often not sufficient. Further, in many areas an appropriate reference site is not available, what limits the territorial extent of using Cs-137 method. The resampling approach offers its second sampling to be done in a proximate vicinity of the same points sampled during the first sampling campaign. A great advantage is the possibility to decide how long time windows should be investigated. Choosing the time schedule of first and second sampling allows to shorten the time window and adjust it to the study objectives. This is a great improvement of the Cs-137 method, because the time period since the Cs-137 fallout is still growing and thus if using the single sampling approach the results refer to still longer and longer time window(since the Cs-137 fallout until the sampling time), and this period (recently ca 60 years assuming the maximum Cs-137 fallout in 1963) is too long to represent stable land use, because land uses are changing over the time and having the same land use over six decades is rather rare. The improvement of Cs-137 method achieved by resampling approach is significantly contributing to understanding the erosion dynamics and estimating its rates under changing environmental conditions (such as land uses, weather), and it will bring a significant benefit to soil conservation programmes, because Cs-137 method is indispensable for assessing the medium and long term soil erosion rates, and this information is among the basic inputs needed for planning and designing soil conservation measures.
商品描述(中文翻譯)
本書提供了使用一種新的方法來重新取樣Cs-137放射性核素示踪劑，該示踪劑用於估計土壤侵蝕速率的指南。 Cs-137重新取樣方法將顯著改善Cs-137方法用於評估土壤侵蝕的使用，因為重複取樣放射性核素（至少兩次，但可以進行更多的取樣活動）可以避免與Cs-137方法相關的幾個方法學困難，即小尺度空間異質性問題，參考點的代表性問題，參考樣本以及評估期間的不適當時間範圍。所有這些方法學問題對於Cs-137方法估計的侵蝕速率的可靠性和準確性非常重要。如果使用單一取樣方法，可以通過大量取樣點來克服小尺度空間異質性問題，但這是一種耗時且勞動密集的解決方案，增加了侵蝕研究的費用。通常根據專家判斷和對研究區域土地利用歷史的了解來評估參考點的代表性，但這種方法常常不確定，因為專家判斷可能具有主觀性，而土地利用歷史的數據通常不足。此外，在許多地區，沒有適當的參考點，這限制了使用Cs-137方法的地理範圍。重新取樣方法提供了在第一次取樣活動期間對相同點進行第二次取樣的可能性。一個很大的優勢是可以決定應該調查多長時間窗口。選擇第一次和第二次取樣的時間表可以縮短時間窗口並將其調整為研究目標。這是Cs-137方法的一個重大改進，因為自Cs-137降下以來的時間段仍在增長，因此如果使用單一取樣方法，結果將與越來越長的時間窗口相關（自Cs-137降下到取樣時間），而這段時間（最近約60年，假設1963年Cs-137降下達到最大值）太長，無法代表穩定的土地利用，因為土地利用隨著時間的推移而變化，六十年來保持相同土地利用是相當罕見的。通過重新取樣方法實現的Cs-137方法的改進對於理解侵蝕動態並估計其速率在不斷變化的環境條件下（如土地利用和天氣）做出了顯著貢獻，並且對於土壤保護計劃將帶來顯著的益處，因為Cs-137方法對於評估中長期土壤侵蝕速率至關重要，而這些信息是規劃和設計土壤保護措施所需的基本輸入之一。
作者簡介
Emil Fulajtar: Soil scientist working recently at National Agriculture and Food Centre, Soil Science and Conservation Institute in Bratislava, Slovakia, graduated in Geography and Cartography at Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia (1987), MSc in Soil Science at University of Ghent, Belgium (1993), PhD in Pedology at Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia (2003), was working originally in general pedology, soil genesis, soil classification and soil mapping. Since 1994 he specialised in soil erosion research (measuring, modelling, and mapping of soil erosion) andfurther he specialised in nuclear techniques used in soil science, mainly using fallout radionuclides (FRN) in soil erosion assessment, compound specific stable isotope (CSSI) technique used for identification of sediment sources and cosmic ray neutron sensor (CRNS) using for soil moisture assessment. His major achievements are contributions to study of soil genesis of Chernozems on loess, identification of new vertisol soil type in Slovakia, contributions to modelling of soil erosion using Universal soil loss equation (USLE), developing methods for erosion mapping using remote sensing and extensive measurements of soil erosion rates at erosion plots, elementary watersheds, and with Cs-137 method. These results are summarised in book soil erosion and conservation, two book chapters on soil erosion and a number of research papers. He is also an author of methodological handbook for using Cs-137 method for soil erosion assessment and coauthor of methodological chapter on soil sampling and two editions of Slovak soil classification. Apart of conducting own research he was working many years also in soil research management as scientific secretary at European Commission, COST (Cooperation in Science and Technology) Office (2001-2003), science officer at European Science Foundation, COST Office (2004-2005) and project officer at International Atomic Energy Agency (2006-2007 and 2016-2023) and he is coauthor of a number of research papers presenting the results of erosion research projects conducted in various countries.
Lee Kheng Heng has a PhD in soil science from Massey University, New Zeeland, and has more than 30 years' experience in soil-plant-water interaction research, agricultural water management, water use efficiency, integrated nutrient-water interactions and diffuse pollution control for sustainable agricultural production systems.
Over nearly 24 years, Dr Heng worked at the Soil and Water Management & CropNutrition (SWMCN) Subprogramme, in the Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, in Vienna, Austria. Since 2014, she was the Head of SWMCN Section, developing the overall strategy of the Soil Subprogramme. Dr Heng recently (October 2023) retired from the IAEA. During her working period at IAEA she coordinated a number of research project on various aspects of soil water management, developing new techniques of soil moisture measurement such as the cosmic ray neutron sensor (CRNS); using stable isotopes for identification of water pollution from agriculture; using fallout radionuclides (FRN) for assessment of soil erosion, etc. Further she was involved in a great number of technical cooperation projects transferring the nuclear techniques to developing countries, as well as giving lectures at IAEA training activities on new nuclear techniques. The work assists scientists in IAEA Member States to develop, validate and disseminate a range of soil, water and crop management technology packages through the use of nuclear and nuclear-related techniques.Her work span over all continents with special focus on tropical areas of Asia, Africa and Americas. She is the author and co-author of a huge number of research papers and several monographies, especially the methodological books on various aspects of nuclear techniques published by Springer and IAEA TecDoc series.
She was also working at FAO, Rome, Italy, on AquaCrop model, a crop water productivity model, simulating yield response to water of herbaceous crops, and the effects of environment and management on crop production and food security.Dr Heng won several awards for her professional achievements including the IAEA Superior Achievement Award, IAEA Merit Awards, IAEA Merit Promotion and the USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Outstanding Sustained Effort Technology Transfer Award for Outstanding Work in Technology Transfer to Users.
Before joining the IAEA, Dr Heng worked as a research associate at the University of Melbourne, Australia. Prior to that she worked as a Soil and Environmental Scientist at Landcare Crown Research Institute in New Zealand.
作者簡介(中文翻譯)
Paolo Porto目前是意大利Reggio Calabria地中海大學的農業水利和山洪控制副教授，並在波蘭Bydgoszcz的Kazimierz Wielki大學擔任物理地理和地貌學教授。他於1989年在地中海大學獲得森林科學碩士學位，並於1995年在意大利巴里大學完成了集水區水文學和山洪控制的博士學位。他的研究活動得到了多個獎學金的支持，包括在美國科羅拉多州立大學土木工程系（6個月）、意大利巴勒莫大學工程和農林技術系（2年）、意大利科森扎國家研究委員會（4年）和英國埃克塞特大學地理系（3年）的支持。他在土壤侵蝕、放射性核素、水文學和山洪控制方面的研究活動在國際和國內期刊上發表了100多篇論文，其Scopus H指數為28。Paolo Porto還擔任國際大陸侵蝕委員會（IAHS/ICCE）主席（2021-2025）和國際沉積物和水科學協會（IASWS）副主席（2022-2025）的職務。
Emil Fulajtar是斯洛伐克布拉迪斯拉發的國家農業和食品中心土壤科學與保護研究所的土壤科學家，畢業於斯洛伐克布拉迪斯拉發的科梅尼烏斯大學地理和制圖學專業（1987年），比利時根特大學土壤科學碩士（1993年），斯洛伐克布拉迪斯拉發的科梅尼烏斯大學土壤學博士（2003年）。他最初從事一般土壤學、土壤形成、土壤分類和土壤制圖的研究。自1994年以來，他專注於土壤侵蝕研究（土壤侵蝕的測量、模擬和制圖），並進一步專注於土壤科學中使用核技術，主要是使用降落放射性核素（FRN）進行土壤侵蝕評估，使用特定化合物穩定同位素（CSSI）技術進行沉積物來源識別，以及使用宇宙射線中子傳感器（CRNS）進行土壤水分評估。他的主要成就包括對黃土地區黑土形成的研究、在斯洛伐克識別新的膨脹土壤類型、使用通用土壤流失方程（USLE）進行土壤侵蝕模擬、開發遙感技術進行侵蝕制圖，以及在侵蝕試驗區、小流域和Cs-137方法中進行大量土壤侵蝕速率測量。這些結果在土壤侵蝕和保護的書籍、土壤侵蝕的兩篇章節和多篇研究論文中總結。他還是使用Cs-137方法進行土壤侵蝕評估的方法手冊的作者，以及斯洛伐克土壤分類的方法章節和兩個版本的合著者。除了進行自己的研究外，他還在許多年中擔任土壤研究管理工作，包括歐洲委員會COST（科學與技術合作）辦公室的科學秘書（2001-2003年）、歐洲科學基金會COST辦公室的科學官員（2004-2005年）和國際原子能機構的項目官員（2006-2007年和2016-2023年），並且是許多研究論文的合著者，介紹了在各個國家進行的侵蝕研究項目的結果。
Lee Kheng Heng在紐西蘭梅西大學獲得土壤科學博士學位，並在土壤-植物-水相互作用研究、農業水管理、水資源利用效率、綜合營養-水相互作用和可持續農業生產系統中的擴散污染控制方面擁有30多年的經驗。
在近24年的時間裡，Heng博士在聯合國糧食及農業組織/國際原子能機構的土壤和水管理與作物營養（SWMCN）子計劃中工作。
