Big Data Privacy and Security in Smart Cities
暫譯: 智慧城市中的大數據隱私與安全

本書強調了智慧城市技術的最新進展，特別關注生物識別技術、區塊鏈、數據加密、數據挖掘、機器學習、深度學習、雲端安全和行動安全等新技術。

在過去五年中，數位城市已成為一種技術現實，將主導發達國家和發展中國家人們的日常生活。特別是，隨著智慧城市所帶來的大數據問題，隱私和安全成為廣泛關注的議題，因為這些問題在網絡安全、醫療保健、醫療服務、電子商務、電子治理、行動銀行、電子金融、數位雙胞胎等領域中具有重要性和敏感性。這些新主題隨著智慧城市的時代而興起，並主要與公共部門相關，這對現代人類生活至關重要。

本卷總結了在智慧城市中應對大數據隱私和安全挑戰的最新進展，並指出了圍繞這一新挑戰主題的未來研究方向。

Dr. Richard Jiang is a Senior Lecturer (Associate Professor) in the School of Computing & Communications at Lancaster University, UK. He is a Fellow of HEA and a Member of EPSRC College, and served as an invited Expert and Panel Member on EPSRC panels. His research interest mainly resides in the fields of Biometrics, AI Ethics, Private Learning, Quantum AI, Neuronal Computation, AI-Automated Healthcare, Satellite/Aerial Image Analysis and Biodiversity. Dr Jiang's recent research has been supported by grants from EPSRC (EP/P009727/1), Leverhulme Trust (RF-2019-492), Qatar Science Foundation (NPRP No.8-140-2-065) and other industry/international funders. He has supervised and co-supervised 20 PhD students. He authored over 100 refereed publications and was the editor of a number of books and special issues. He has served as a PC/Editorial member and a reviewer for various international conferences and research journals.
Professor Ahmed Bouridane received the 'Ingenieur d'État' degree in electronics from Ecole Nationale Polytechnque of Algiers (ENPA), Algeria, in 1982, the M.Phil. degree in electrical engineering (VLSI design for signal processing) from the University of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK, in 1988, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering (computer vision) from the University of Nottingham, UK, in 1992. From 1992 to 1994, he worked as Research Developer in telesurveillance and access control applications. In 1994, he joined Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK, initially as Lecturer in computer architecture and image processing and then as Reader in computer science. He became Professor in Image Engineering and Security at Northumbria University at Newcastle (UK) in 2009. He is currently the director of Centre for Data Analytics and Cybersecurity, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. His research interests are in imaging for forensics and security, biometrics, homeland security, image/video watermarking, and cryptography. He has authored and co-authored more than 200 publications.
Professor Chang-Tsun Li received a BSc degree in electrical engineering from National Defense University, Taiwan, the MSc degree in computer science from U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, USA, and the PhD degree in computer science from the University of Warwick, UK. He is currently Professor of Cyber Security at Deakin University and Director of Research of Deakin's Cyber Security Research and Innovation Centre (CSRI). He has had over 20 years of research experience in multimedia forensics and security, biometrics, machine learning, data analytics, computer vision, image processing, pattern recognition, bioinformatics and content-based image retrieval. The outcomes of his research have been translated into award-winning commercial products protected by a series of international patents and have been used by a number of law enforcement agencies, national security institutions and companies around the world, including INTERPOL (Lyon, France), UK Home Office, Metropolitan Police Service (UK), Sussex Police Service (UK), Guildford Crown Court (UK), and US Department of Homeland Security. In addition to his active contribution to the advancement of his field of research through publication, Chang-Tsun Li is also enthusiastically serving the international cyber security community. He is currently Vice Chair of Computational Forensics Technical Committee of the International Association of Pattern Recognition (IAPR), Member of IEEE Information Forensics and Security Technical Committee, Associate Editor of IEEE Access, the EURASIP Journal of Image and Video Processing and IET Biometrics. In the past 8 years, Chang-Tsun has been active in facilitating the cross-fertilisation of multimedia forensics and biometrics through his leadership in a number of multinational projects.
Professor Danny Crookes is an emeritus professor in Computer Science, Queens University Belfast, UK. He was appointed to the Chair of Computer Engineering in 1993 at Queens University Belfast, and was Head of Computer Science from 1993 to 2002. He was Director of Research for Speech, Image and Vision Systems at the Institute for Electronics, Communications and Information Technology (ECIT) at Queens University Belfast before he retired in 2017. His current research interests include the use of novel architectures (especially GPUs) for high-performance image processing. He has applied expertise in language design, optimizing compilers and software generators, plus software tools for hardware description and architecture generation, to the goal of developing high level software tools to enable rapid development of real-time video processing systems. He has published over 200 scientific papers in journals and international conferences, and has presented tutorials on parallel image processing at several international conferences.
Said Boussakta is Professor of Communications and Signal Processing at the ISC Group in the School of Engineering at Newcastle University. He has over 27 year research experience in digital signal processing and communications. His major research contributions are in the areas of fast transforms and algorithms for communication and signal processing applications, encryption techniques, and bio-inspired technologies 1. He has received funding EPSRC (GR/M42060/01, GR/S98160/01, GR/S08160/02, EP/H004637), MOD (2043/097), EU (Co-Health) and industry (e.g. Schlumberger and BTL Medical). He has published over 200 articles and is currently supervising a large number of research projects. More recently he has led work on encryption, communications, and e-Health. He is a member of EPSRC Peer Review College, the chair, and technical committee member of international conferences, e.g. ICC, Senior Member of IEEE and Fellow of the IET. Prof. S. Boussakta has over 16 years research experience in digital signal and image processing, fast transforms and algorithms, DSP and communications, including six years as Senior Research Associate. His major research interests are in the areas of fast transforms and algorithms for DSP and multidimensional signal processing applications, encryption techniques, digital signal processing and communications techniques and systems. He has successfully introduced and developed many new algorithms and transforms [1-8]. His research experience has been through projects supported by industry (Schlumberger, BTL Medical, HW Communications etc..), EPSRC GR/M42060/01 and GR/M42060/02 'A Novel Hybrid Parallel Method for Digital Image and Multidimensional Signal Processing Applications', EPSRC GR/S98160/01 and GR/S08160/02 'New Approach to Data Encryption Using Two-dimensional New Transforms', MOD (DRA Agreement No. 2043/097) 'Finite Number Systems in Digital Signal Processing' and the Royal Society (Q803) Spreading Sequences Design for Future CDMA Communications Systems. He has published over 100 papers in international journals and conference proceedings and is currently supervising a number of research projects. Prof. Boussakta has an international reputation in his field. More recently he has led work on the development of multidimensional algorithms for 3D applications [2, 7]. He is a member of EPSRC Peer Review College, the chair of the Signal Processing for Communications Symposium at ICC06, ICC07, and ICC08, a member of the technical committees of several international conferences, a senior member of IEEE Communications, member of the Signal Processing and Computer Societies and a fellow of the IET.
Professor Feng Hao is a professor of Security Engineering at the Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick. He graduated with a PhD from the Security Group, at the Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge. I had six years working experience in security industry with a CISSP before joining Newcastle University Computing Science as a lecturer in December 2010. His research interest (and that of my research team) is primarily driven by tackling real-world security problems. He proposed the first secure solution to combine iris biometrics and cryptography, the two complementary security technologies. His paper 'Combining crypto with biometrics effectively' (IEEE Trans. on Computers, 2006) is ranked the top among the Google Scholar Classic Papers in the category of computer security and cryptography. With colleagues, he designed a few cryptographic protocols: AV-net (so far the most efficient solution to the Dining Cryptographers problem), YAK, J-PAKE, Open Vote network, DRE-i and DRE-ip (demo). So far, none of these protocols have been broken. Besides designing secure protocols, he cryptanalyzes insecure protocols. With Siamak Shahandashti, he found and fixed security weaknesses in SPEKE, a password-authenticated key exchange protocol that has been standardized in IEEE P1363.2 and ISO/IEC 11770-4. The attacks have been acknowledged by ISO/IEC SC 27 Work Group 2, and the standard has been revised in 2017 to incorporate their proposed fix. His research has been supported by many grants such as the 1.5 million euros ERC starting grant to support his further investigation on SEEV (one of the 7 such awards in computer science in the UK, and 34 in total in the Europe), and in 2015, a follow-up ERC Proof of Concept grant to support commercialization of SEEV.
Professor Eran A. Edirisinghe is currently the Pro Vice-Chancellor (Research & Innovation) of Keele University. He joined Keele University in August 2021, having previously served at Loughborough University in various academic and leadership roles, including being the Head of Department of Computer Science (2011-2014) and Associate Dean for Enterprise, School of Science (2015-2021). Having received a BSc.Eng.(Hons.) degree in Electronic & Telecommunication Engineering from Moratuwa University, Sri Lanka, in 1994, Eran received his MSc degree in Digital Communication Systems and PhD degree in Computer Science from Loughborough University, in 1996 and 1999, respectively. He joined Loughborough University as a Lecturer in Computer Science in 2000. His research expertise is in the areas of image processing, image enhancement, video coding, computer vision, pattern recognition, machine learning and deep neural networks. Eran's research has contributed significantly to the UK industry and economy. He actively contributed to the strengthening of the R&I portfolio of Apical Ltd., a global award-winning UK based SME that supplied smart digital camera and display technology to all top mobile, digital camera and TV brands, which was acquired by ARM UK in 2016 for a record $320M. His research group's partnership with Apical Ltd., was awarded the prestigious, Loughborough University Enterprise Award for Knowledge Transfer in both 2013 and 2014. Eran has held research grants to the value of over £15M funded by the EPSRC, DTI/Innovate UK, UK industry and has collaborated with 30+ industry partners in delivering high impact research. He has also published 180+ academic papers and 20+ confidential industry research reports. A passionate advocate of PhD student supervision and training, Eran has supervised over 40 PhD students, many of whom hold senior leadership positions in UK/International universities and industry. He continues to focus on conducting high impact, applied research in Deep Neural Networks supported, imaging applications in digital cameras, drones, automated document analysis systems, future smart-TVs and display systems.

理查德·江博士是英國蘭卡斯特大學計算與通信學院的高級講師（副教授）。他是高等教育學會（HEA）的院士及英國工程與自然科學研究委員會（EPSRC）學院成員，並曾擔任EPSRC小組的受邀專家和小組成員。他的研究興趣主要集中在生物識別技術、人工智慧倫理、私有學習、量子人工智慧、神經計算、人工智慧自動化醫療、衛星/空中影像分析和生物多樣性等領域。江博士最近的研究得到了EPSRC（EP/P009727/1）、Leverhulme Trust（RF-2019-492）、卡塔爾科學基金會（NPRP No.8-140-2-065）及其他行業/國際資助者的支持。他已指導和共同指導20名博士生，並發表了超過100篇經過審核的出版物，還擔任過多本書籍和特刊的編輯。他曾擔任多個國際會議和研究期刊的程序委員會/編輯成員及審稿人。

艾哈邁德·布里達教授於1982年在阿爾及利亞的阿爾及爾國立高等工程學院（Ecole Nationale Polytechnque of Algiers, ENPA）獲得電子工程的「國家工程師」學位，1988年在英國紐卡斯爾大學獲得電氣工程（信號處理的VLSI設計）碩士學位，1992年在英國諾丁漢大學獲得電氣工程（計算機視覺）博士學位。1992年至1994年，他在遠程監控和訪問控制應用領域擔任研究開發人員。1994年，他加入英國貝爾法斯特女王大學，最初擔任計算機架構和影像處理的講師，後來成為計算機科學的讀者。2009年，他在英國紐卡斯爾的諾森比亞大學成為影像工程與安全的教授。他目前是阿聯酋沙迦大學數據分析與網絡安全中心的主任。他的研究興趣包括法醫和安全影像、生物識別技術、國土安全、影像/視頻水印和密碼學。他已發表和共同發表超過200篇出版物。

李長村教授於國防醫學院獲得電機工程學士學位，於美國海軍研究生院獲得計算機科學碩士學位，並於英國華威大學獲得計算機科學博士學位。他目前是迪肯大學的網絡安全教授及迪肯網絡安全研究與創新中心（CSRI）的研究主任。他在多媒體法醫學和安全、生物識別技術、機器學習、數據分析、計算機視覺、影像處理、模式識別、生物信息學和基於內容的影像檢索等領域擁有超過20年的研究經驗。他的研究成果已轉化為獲獎的商業產品，並受到一系列國際專利的保護，並被包括國際刑警（法國里昂）、英國內政部、倫敦大都會警察局、薩塞克斯警察局、吉爾福德皇家法院和美國國土安全部等多個執法機構、國家安全機構和公司使用。除了通過出版物積極推動其研究領域的發展外，李長村教授也熱心服務於國際網絡安全社群。他目前是國際模式識別協會（IAPR）計算法醫技術委員會的副主席，IEEE信息法醫學與安全技術委員會成員，IEEE Access、EURASIP影像與視頻處理期刊及IET生物識別技術的副編輯。在過去的8年中，李長村教授在多個跨國項目中積極促進多媒體法醫學和生物識別技術的交叉融合。

丹尼·克魯克斯教授是英國貝爾法斯特女王大學計算機科學的名譽教授。他於1993年被任命為貝爾法斯特女王大學計算工程學的教授，並於1993年至2002年擔任計算機科學系主任。他在2017年退休前，曾擔任貝爾法斯特女王大學電子、通信與信息技術研究所（ECIT）語音、影像和視覺系統的研究主任。他目前的研究興趣包括使用新穎架構（特別是GPU）進行高性能影像處理。他在語言設計、優化編譯器和軟體生成器方面擁有專業知識，並致力於開發高級軟體工具，以實現實時視頻處理系統的快速開發。他在期刊和國際會議上發表了超過200篇科學論文，並在多個國際會議上進行了平行影像處理的教程演講。

賽義德·布薩克塔教授是英國紐卡斯爾大學工程學院ISC小組的通信與信號處理教授。他在數字信號處理和通信領域擁有超過27年的研究經驗。他的主要研究貢獻包括針對通信和信號處理應用的快速變換和算法、加密技術以及生物啟發技術。他獲得了EPSRC（GR/M42060/01、GR/S98160/01、GR/S08160/02、EP/H004637）、英國國防部（2043/097）、歐盟（Co-Health）及行業（如Schlumberger和BTL Medical）的資助。他已發表超過200篇文章，並目前指導大量研究項目。最近，他在加密、通信和電子健康方面的工作取得了進展。他是EPSRC同行評審學院的成員，並擔任多個國際會議的主席和技術委員會成員，例如ICC，並且是IEEE的高級會員和IET的院士。布薩克塔教授在數字信號和影像處理、快速變換和算法、DSP和通信方面擁有超過16年的研究經驗，包括六年的高級研究助理經驗。他的主要研究興趣包括針對DSP和多維信號處理應用的快速變換和算法、加密技術、數字信號處理和通信技術及系統。他成功引入和開發了許多新算法和變換。他的研究經驗來自於行業（如Schlumberger、BTL Medical、HW Communications等）、EPSRC GR/M42060/01和GR/M42060/02「數字影像和多維信號處理應用的新型混合平行方法」、EPSRC GR/S98160/01和GR/S08160/02「使用二維新變換的數據加密新方法」、英國國防部（DRA協議號2043/097）「數字信號處理中的有限數字系統」以及皇家學會（Q803）未來CDMA通信系統的擴展序列設計等項目支持。他已在國際期刊和會議論文集中發表超過100篇論文，並目前指導多個研究項目。布薩克塔教授在其領域享有國際聲譽。最近，他在3D應用的多維算法開發方面取得了進展。他是EPSRC同行評審學院的成員，ICC06、ICC07和ICC08的通信信號處理研討會主席，並是多個國際會議的技術委員會成員，IEEE通信學會的高級會員，信號處理和計算機學會的成員，以及IET的院士。

方浩教授是英國華威大學計算機科學系的安全工程教授。他在劍橋大學計算機實驗室的安全小組獲得博士學位。在加入紐卡斯爾大學計算機科學系擔任講師之前，他在安全行業擁有六年的工作經驗，並持有CISSP證書。他的研究興趣（以及他的研究團隊的興趣）主要是解決現實世界的安全問題。他提出了第一個安全解決方案，將虹膜生物識別技術和密碼學這兩種互補的安全技術結合起來。他的論文《有效結合密碼學與生物識別技術》（IEEE Trans. on Computers, 2006）在計算機安全和密碼學類別的Google Scholar經典論文中排名第一。與同事一起，他設計了幾個密碼協議：AV-net（迄今為止解決用餐密碼學家問題的最有效解決方案）、YAK、J-PAKE、Open Vote網絡、DRE-i和DRE-ip（演示）。到目前為止，這些協議都未被攻破。除了設計安全協議外，他還對不安全的協議進行密碼分析。與Siamak Shahandashti合作，他發現並修復了SPEKE（一種已在IEEE P1363.2和ISO/IEC 11770-4標準化的密碼認證密鑰交換協議）中的安全漏洞。這些攻擊已被ISO/IEC SC 27工作組2確認，該標準在2017年進行了修訂，以納入他們提出的修復方案。他的研究得到了許多資助的支持，例如150萬歐元的ERC啟動資助，以支持他對SEEV的進一步研究（這是英國計算機科學中七個此類獎項之一，歐洲總共34個），以及在2015年獲得的ERC概念驗證資助，以支持SEEV的商業化。

埃蘭·A·艾迪里辛赫教授目前是基爾大學的副校長（研究與創新）。他於2021年8月加入基爾大學，此前在拉夫堡大學擔任多個學術和領導職位，包括計算機科學系主任（2011-2014）和科學學院企業副院長（2015-2021）。他於1994年在斯里蘭卡莫拉圖瓦大學獲得電子與電信工程的榮譽學士學位，並於1996年和1999年在拉夫堡大學獲得數字通信系統碩士學位和計算機科學博士學位。他於2000年加入拉夫堡大學擔任計算機科學講師。他的研究專長包括影像處理、影像增強、視頻編碼、計算機視覺、模式識別、機器學習和深度神經網絡。埃蘭的研究對英國的產業和經濟做出了重要貢獻。他積極參與加強Apical Ltd.的研發與創新（R&I）投資組合，該公司是一家全球獲獎的英國中小企業，為所有頂級手機、數字相機和電視品牌提供智能數字相機和顯示技術，並於2016年以3.2億美元的創紀錄價格被ARM UK收購。他的研究小組與Apical Ltd.的合作在2013年和2014年獲得了拉夫堡大學知識轉移企業獎。埃蘭獲得了超過1500萬英鎊的研究資助，資助來源包括EPSRC、DTI/Innovate UK、英國行業，並與30多家行業合作夥伴合作進行高影響力的研究。他還發表了180多篇學術論文和20多篇機密行業研究報告。作為博士生指導和培訓的熱情倡導者，埃蘭已指導超過40名博士生，其中許多人在英國/國際大學和行業中擔任高級領導職位。他繼續專注於進行高影響力的應用研究，支持數字相機、無人機、自動文檔分析系統、未來智能電視和顯示系統中的深度神經網絡影像應用。