Introduction to Development Engineering: A Framework with Applications from the Field
暫譯: 開發工程導論：來自實務的框架與應用

這本開放存取的教科書介紹了新興的發展工程（Development Engineering）領域及其組成理論、方法和應用。它既是學生的教學文本，也是研究人員和實踐者在為資源匱乏社區設計技術時的資源。其範圍廣泛，涵蓋了為低識字用戶開發行動應用程式，以及在偏遠地區提供電力和水的硬體和軟體解決方案。這本書也具有高度的跨學科性，借鑒了社會科學、工程學和自然科學的方法和理論。

開篇部分回顧了「技術促進發展」研究的歷史，並提出了一個框架，將這一研究領域正式化，並開始將其轉變為一個學術學科。它識別了發展中的共同挑戰，並解釋了本書的「創新、評估、擴展」方法，將其與產品開發生命週期整合。接下來的六個主題部分各自聚焦於不同的領域：水、衛生與健康；治理；能源與資源；資訊；市場；以及人力資本。這些主題部分包含了來自標誌性研究的案例研究，這些研究直接將工程創新與社會科學中的技術嚴謹方法相結合。每個案例研究描述了在現場的技術設計、評估和/或擴展，並遵循單一模板，使用共同的標題和問題，以創造連貫性和教學一致性。這些案例共同突顯了成功解決發展挑戰的方案，同時也分析了鮮少討論的失敗。書籍最後重申了案例研究中所示的發展工程核心原則，並強調了工程師和科學家在設計技術介入以加速經濟發展時所面臨的共同挑戰。

《發展工程》首次提供了一個連貫的知識框架，以通過設計更好的技術來應對貧困挑戰。它提供了必要的嚴謹學科，以幫助引導新一代科學家和工程師的能量，這些科學家和工程師正在研究並致力於促進社會福利和改善資源匱乏社區的生活條件。

Temina Madon is Executive Director of the Center for Effective Global Action (CEGA), a research network headquartered at UC Berkeley that focuses on the design and rigorous evaluation of anti-poverty policies, services, and technologies. In this role, Madon oversees the Development Impact Lab, a USAID-funded consortium of universities leveraging science and engineering to accelerate global economic development. She also spearheads multiple initiatives to build scientific capacity in developing countries, particularly in the areas of economics and public health. She has served as an advisor to the World Health Organization on implementation research and has consulted for the World Bank, the International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Earlier, Madon served as founding executive director of the Center for Emerging and Neglected Diseases at UC Berkeley. From 2006 to 2008, she was the science policy analyst for the Fogarty International Center at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Prior to this, she led a portfolio of global health initiatives for the U.S. Senate HELP Committee (under the leadership of Senator Edward Kennedy) as a AAAS Science and Technology Policy Fellow. She received a PhD in 2004 from UC Berkeley and a BS in 1998 from MIT.

Ashok J. Gadgil is Faculty Senior Scientist and former Director of the Energy and Environmental Technologies Division at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. He is also Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of California, Berkeley. He specializes in heat transfer, fluid dynamics, and technology design for development. He also has substantial experience in technical, economic, and policy research on energy efficiency and its implementation - particularly in developing countries. Two of his best-known technologies for the developing-world are UV Waterworks (a simple, effective, and inexpensive water disinfection system), and the Berkeley-Darfur Stove (a low-cost stove that saves fuelwood in internally displaced person's camps in Darfur). In early 1990s, he analyzed the potential for large utility-sponsored projects to promote energy efficient electric lighting in poor households in developing countries, then teamed up with others to design and demonstrate such projects. These have become commonplace in dozens of developing countries since 2000 onward, saving billions of dollars annually to their economies. Gadgil holds a Ph.D. in Physics from the University of California, Berkeley and an M.Sc. in Physics from Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur.

Richard Anderson is a Professor in the Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of Washington. His research interest is in Computing for the Developing World, with work spanning educational technology, mobile data management tools, global health information systems; and digital financial services. He has conducted research at the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute, the Indian Institute of Science, Microsoft Research, and PATH, a Seattle based NGO working on health technologies for low resource environments. He has been recognized with the NSF Presidential Young Investigator award the University of Washington College of Engineering Faculty Innovator for Teaching Award and the 2020 ACM Eugene L. Lawler Award for Humanitarian Contributions within Computer Science and Informatics. Previously, he worked in the theory and implementation of algorithms, including parallel algorithms, computational geometry, and scientific applications. He graduated with a B.A. in Mathematics from Reed College and a Ph.D. in Computer Science from Stanford University.

Lorenzo Casaburi is an Associate Professor in the Department of Economics at the University of Zurich. His main line of research focuses on agricultural markets in Sub-Saharan Africa, with an emphasis on market structure, behavioral insights, and agricultural finance. His research has received funding from the European Research Council, the Swiss National Foundation, the U.S. Agency for International Development, UK Aid, and others. He is a Research Fellow at the Centre for Economic Policy Research and Bureau for Research and Economic Analysis of Development, and a Research Affiliate at the International Growth Centre, Innovations for Poverty Action, and the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab. Lorenzo holds a B.A. from the University of Bologna and a Ph.D. in Economics from Harvard. Before joining the University of Zurich, he was a postdoctoral fellow at Stanford University.

Ken Lee is the Director of Air Quality Life Index and a Senior Research Associate in the Department of Economics at the University of Chicago. He researches questions in the areas of development economics, environmental and energy economics, and environmental health. He has designed and published field experiments in both Kenya and India. Prior to this, he was the Executive Director of the Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago (EPIC) in India. He also held Research Fellow positions at the Center for Effective Global Action and the Energy Institute at Haas. He holds a Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley; a Masters in International Affairs from Columbia University, and a Bachelors from McGill University. Earlier in his career, he worked as an investment banker in Toronto and London, covering media and telecoms companies in Africa, Europe, and Canada.

Arman Rezaee is an Assistant Professor of Economics at the University of California, Davis. His research focuses on intersections of service delivery, political economy and technology. He makes use of large-scale field experiments that leverage cellular technology, as well as natural experiments using historical archival data. Much of his work focuses on Pakistan. He also has active projects in Uganda and the Philippines. His work has been supported by the the Center for Effective Global Action, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the International Growth Centre, the Abu Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab, the Policy Design Evaluation Lab, Private Enterprise Development in Low-Income Countries, and the University of California Labs. Before obtaining his Ph.D. in economics from UC San Diego, he earned his Masters in Public Policy from the Harvard Kennedy School of Government, where he was a Public Policy and International Affairs Fellow.

**Temina Madon** 是加州大學伯克利分校有效全球行動中心 (CEGA) 的執行董事，該研究網絡專注於反貧困政策、服務和技術的設計與嚴謹評估。在這個角色中，Madon 負責發展影響實驗室，這是一個由美國國際開發署 (USAID) 資助的高校聯盟，利用科學和工程加速全球經濟發展。她還主導多個倡議，以提升發展中國家的科學能力，特別是在經濟學和公共衛生領域。她曾擔任世界衛生組織的實施研究顧問，並為世界銀行、國際影響評估倡議和比爾及梅琳達·蓋茨基金會提供諮詢。早期，Madon 擔任加州大學伯克利分校新興與被忽視疾病中心的創始執行董事。從 2006 年到 2008 年，她是美國國立衛生研究院 (NIH) Fogarty 國際中心的科學政策分析師。在此之前，她作為美國科學促進會 (AAAS) 科學與技術政策研究員，為美國參議院 HELP 委員會（在愛德華·甘迺迪參議員的領導下）領導一系列全球健康倡議。她於 2004 年獲得加州大學伯克利分校的博士學位，並於 1998 年獲得麻省理工學院的學士學位。

**Ashok J. Gadgil** 是洛倫斯伯克利國家實驗室能源與環境技術部的資深科學家及前主任。他同時也是加州大學伯克利分校土木與環境工程系的教授。他專注於熱傳遞、流體動力學和發展技術設計。他在能源效率及其實施方面，尤其是在發展中國家，擁有豐富的技術、經濟和政策研究經驗。他為發展中國家所知的兩項技術是 UV Waterworks（簡單、有效且廉價的水消毒系統）和 Berkeley-Darfur Stove（在達爾富爾的內部流離失所者營地中節省燃料木的低成本爐具）。在 1990 年代初，他分析了大型公用事業贊助的項目在促進發展中國家貧困家庭的能源高效電燈的潛力，然後與他人合作設計和展示這些項目。自 2000 年以來，這些項目在數十個發展中國家變得普遍，為其經濟每年節省數十億美元。Gadgil 擁有加州大學伯克利分校的物理學博士學位，以及印度理工學院坎普爾的物理學碩士學位。

**Richard Anderson** 是華盛頓大學保羅·G·艾倫計算機科學與工程學院的教授。他的研究興趣在於為發展中國家提供計算技術，涵蓋教育技術、移動數據管理工具、全球健康信息系統和數位金融服務。他曾在數學科學研究所、印度科學研究院、微軟研究院和 PATH（專注於低資源環境健康技術的西雅圖非政府組織）進行研究。他曾獲得 NSF 總統青年研究員獎、華盛頓大學工程學院教學創新獎，以及 2020 年 ACM 尤金·L·洛勒人道貢獻獎。他之前的工作集中在算法的理論和實施，包括平行算法、計算幾何和科學應用。他在里德學院獲得數學學士學位，並在斯坦福大學獲得計算機科學博士學位。

**Lorenzo Casaburi** 是蘇黎世大學經濟學系的副教授。他的主要研究方向集中在撒哈拉以南非洲的農業市場，強調市場結構、行為洞察和農業金融。他的研究獲得了歐洲研究委員會、瑞士國家基金會、美國國際開發署、英國援助等機構的資助。他是經濟政策研究中心和發展經濟分析局的研究員，並且是國際增長中心、貧困行動創新和阿卜杜勒·拉提夫·賈米爾貧困行動實驗室的研究附屬。他擁有博洛尼亞大學的學士學位和哈佛大學的經濟學博士學位。在加入蘇黎世大學之前，他曾在斯坦福大學擔任博士後研究員。

**Ken Lee** 是芝加哥大學空氣質量生活指數的主任及經濟學系的高級研究助理。他的研究問題涉及發展經濟學、環境與能源經濟學以及環境健康。他在肯尼亞和印度設計並發表了現場實驗。在此之前，他是芝加哥大學能源政策研究所 (EPIC) 在印度的執行董事。他還曾在有效全球行動中心和哈斯能源研究所擔任研究員。他擁有加州大學伯克利分校的博士學位、哥倫比亞大學的國際事務碩士學位，以及麥吉爾大學的學士學位。在職業生涯早期，他曾在多倫多和倫敦擔任投資銀行家，負責非洲、歐洲和加拿大的媒體和電信公司。

**Arman Rezaee** 是加州大學戴維斯分校的經濟學助理教授。他的研究專注於服務交付、政治經濟學和技術的交集。他利用大規模的現場實驗，利用行動通信技術，以及使用歷史檔案數據的自然實驗。他的許多工作集中在巴基斯坦，並在烏干達和菲律賓有活躍的項目。他的研究得到了有效全球行動中心、比爾和梅琳達·蓋茨基金會、國際增長中心、阿卜杜勒·拉提夫·賈米爾貧困行動實驗室、政策設計評估實驗室、低收入國家的私營企業發展以及加州大學實驗室的支持。在獲得加州大學聖地牙哥分校的經濟學博士學位之前，他在哈佛甘迺迪政府學院獲得公共政策碩士學位，並曾是公共政策與國際事務的研究員。