Particle Image Velocimetry: A Practical Guide
暫譯: 粒子影像速度測量：實用指南

粒子影像速度計（Particle Image Velocimetry, PIV）是一種測量技術，能夠在幾分之一秒內捕捉整個流場的速度資訊，其發展始於上世紀八十年代。1998年，當本書首次出版時，PIV技術已從實驗室走向基礎和工業研究的應用，這一過程與從攝影技術轉向錄影技術的過渡並行。因此，本書的目標是作為PIV技術的實用指南，受到了日益增長的使用者群體的強烈關注。PIV技術的早期進展可以通過我們在德國航空航天中心（DLR, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt）進行的空氣動力學研究所獲得的經驗來最佳描述。PIV在實驗室外的首次應用，特別是在風洞中，發生在八十年代中期，其特徵如下時間尺度：設置系統並獲得良好聚焦的攝影PIV錄影所需的時間為2到3天，處理膠卷所需的時間為0.5到1天，通過光學評估方法評估單個攝影PIV錄影所需的時間為24到48小時。當本書的第一版於1998年出版時，隨著電子相機和計算機的出現，實現了在線聚焦、每秒捕捉多個錄影以及在幾秒內評估數位錄影的可能性。

Markus Raffel received his degree in Mechanical Engineering in 1990 from the Technical University of Karlsruhe, his doctorate in Engineering in 1993 from the University of Hannover and his lecturer qualification (Habilitation) from the Technical University Clausthal, in 2001. He started working on PIV at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in 1991 with emphasis on the development of PIV recording techniques in high-speed ows. In this process he applied the method to a number of aerodynamic problems mainly in the context of rotorcraft investigations. Markus Raffel additionally works on the development of other ow metrology like the background-oriented schlieren technique and the differential infrared thermography. He is professor at the University of Hannover and head of the Department of Helicopters at DLR's Institute of Aerodynamics and Flow Technology in Goettingen.
Christian Willert received his Bachelor of Science in Applied Science from the University of California at San Diego (UCSD) in 1987. Subsequent graduate work in experimental fluid mechanics at UCSD lead to the development of several non-intrusive measurement techniques for application in water (particle tracing, 3-D particle tracking, digital PIV). After receiving his Ph.D. in Engineering Sciences in 1992, he assumed post-doctoral positions first at the Institute for Nonlinear Science (INLS) at UCSD, then at the Graduate Aeronautical Laboratories at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). In 1994 he joined DLR Goettingen's measurement sciences group as part of an exchange program between Caltech and DLR. Since 1997 he has been working in the development and application of planar velocimetry techniques (PIV and Doppler Global Velocimetry (DGV)) at the Institute of Propulsion Technology of DLR and now is heading the Department of Engine Measurement Techniques there.

Fulvio Scarano graduated in Aerospace Engineering at University of Naples (1996). Obtained the Ph.D. in 2000 (von Karman Institute, Theodor von Karman prize) and joined TU Delft at the faculty of Aerospace Engineering in the Aerodynamics Section in the same year. Since 2008 he is full professor of Aerodynamics and acts as head of section since 2010. Starting director of Aerospace Engineering Graduate School (2012). Currently director of the AWEP department (Aerodynamics, Wind Energy, Flight Performance and propulsion). Recipient of Marie-Curie grant (1999), Dutch Science Foundation VIDI grant (2005) and of the European Research Council grant (ERC, 2009). European project coordinator (AFDAR, Advanced Flow Diagnostics for Aeronautical Research, 2010-2013). Promoted and supervised more than 20 PhDs. The research interests cover the development of particle image velocimetry (PIV) and its applications to high-speed aerodynamics in the supersonic and hypersonic regime. Notable developments are the image deformation technique, Tomographic PIV for 3D ow velocity measurements and its use to Preface XI quantitatively determine pressure uctuations and acoustic emissions in wind tunnel experiments. Recent works deal with the combination of PIV data with CFD techniques, extension of PIV to large-scale wind tunnel experiments and applications ranging from sport aerodynamics to ground vehicles, from aircraft to rocket aerodynamics. Author of more than 200 publications, delivered more than 20 keynote lectures worldwide. He acts as editorial board member of many international conferences and journals, Measurement Science and Technology and Experiments in Fluids, among others.

Christian J. Kaehler received his Physics Diplom Degree from the Technical University Clausthal in 1997, his PhD in Physics from the Georg August University of Goettingen in 2004 and his Habilitation from the Technical University in Brunswick in 2008. From 1996 to 2001 Dr. Kaehler worked at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Goettingen (Dr. Kompenhans), during which he had research stays at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign in 1996 (Prof. Adrian) and at Caltech in 1998 (Prof. Gharib). From 2001 to 2008 he was the head of the research group on Flow Control and Measuring Techniques at the Technical University Brunswick (Prof. Radespiel). He then became Professor for Fluid Dynamics and was appointed director of the Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics of the University at der Bundeswehr Muenchen in 2008. In 2012, he was offered an Einstein professorship for Aerodynamics at the Technical University Berlin (declined) and in 2017 the Technical University Darmstadt offered him to become head of the chair of Fluid Mechanics (declined). His research covers a broad range of topics involving the development of optical measurement techniques on the micro and macro scale in order to further investigate complex phenomenon in microfluidics and turbulent flows at subsonic, transonic, and supersonic conditions. He is an associate editor of Experiments in Fluids (Springer Nature), an editorial advisory board member of Flow, Turbulence and Combustion (Springer Nature) and editorial board member of Theoretical & Applied Mechanics Letters (Elsevier) and a Steering committee member and organizer of the International PIV Challenge (2001 Goettingen, 2003 Busan, 2005 Pasadena, 2014 Lisbon).

Steven T. Wereley received both his Bachelor of Arts in Physics from Lawrence University at Appleton, Wisconsin, and his Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering from Washington University at St. Louis in 1990. He received his Master of Science and Ph.D. degrees from Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, in 1992 and 1997, respectively. Subsequently, he spent two years at the Mechanical and Environmental Engineering Department at the University of California in Santa Barbara developing particle image velocimetry algorithms for micro-domain investigations. Since 1999 he has been a professor at Purdue University in the School of Mechanical Engineering - as an Assistant Professor from 1999 to 2005 and an Associate Professor since then. Professor Wereley's research is largely concerned with microparticle image velocimetry techniques and micro-electromechanical systems with applications in bio-physics and bio-engineering.

Juergen Kompenhans received his doctoral degree in physics in 1976 from the Georg-August University of Goettingen. From 1977 until 2011 he worked for the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Goettingen, Germany, mainly developing and applying non-intrusive measurement techniques for aerodynamic research, starting with the PIV technique back in 1985. Since 2001 he has been head of the Department of Experimental Methods of DLR's Institute of Aerodynamics and Flow Technology in Goettingen. Within this department, image based methods such as Pressure Sensitive Paint, Temperature Sensitive Paint, Particle Image Velocimetry, model deformation measurement techniques, density measurement techniques, acoustic field measurement techniques etc. are developed for application as mobile systems in large industrial wind tunnels. As coordinator of several European networks he has contributed to promote and to disseminate the use of image based measurement techniques for industrial research. At present his interest is focused on contributing to the development of ow meters as well as of components required for the use of the PIV technique.

**馬庫斯·拉費爾**（Markus Raffel）於1990年在卡爾斯魯厄理工大學獲得機械工程學位，1993年在漢諾威大學獲得工程博士學位，並於2001年在克勞斯塔爾理工大學獲得講師資格（Habilitation）。他於1991年開始在德國航空航天中心（DLR）從事粒子影像速度計（PIV）的研究，重點是高速度流動中的PIV錄製技術的開發。在此過程中，他將該方法應用於多個氣動力學問題，主要是在旋翼機的研究背景下。馬庫斯·拉費爾還致力於其他流動計量技術的開發，如背景導向的影像技術和差分紅外熱成像。他是漢諾威大學的教授，並擔任DLR戈廷根氣動力學與流動技術研究所直升機部門的負責人。

**克里斯蒂安·維勒特**（Christian Willert）於1987年在加州大學聖地牙哥分校（UCSD）獲得應用科學的理學士學位。隨後在UCSD進行的實驗流體力學研究導致開發出幾種非侵入式測量技術，應用於水中（粒子追蹤、3D粒子追蹤、數位PIV）。他於1992年獲得工程科學博士學位後，先後在UCSD的非線性科學研究所（INLS）和加州理工學院（Caltech）的研究生航空實驗室擔任博士後研究員。1994年，他作為加州理工學院與DLR之間的交流計畫的一部分，加入了DLR戈廷根的測量科學小組。自1997年以來，他一直在DLR推進技術研究所從事平面速度計技術（PIV和多普勒全球速度計（DGV））的開發和應用，並現在擔任該部門的負責人。

**富爾維奧·斯卡拉諾**（Fulvio Scarano）於1996年在那不勒斯大學獲得航空航天工程學位。2000年獲得博士學位（馮·卡門研究所，馮·卡門獎），並於同年加入代爾夫特大學航空航天工程系的氣動力學部門。自2008年以來，他是氣動力學的全職教授，自2010年以來擔任部門負責人。2012年，他成為航空航天工程研究生院的創始主任。目前擔任AWEP部門（氣動力學、風能、飛行性能和推進）的主任。曾獲得瑪麗·居里獎學金（1999年）、荷蘭科學基金會VIDI獎學金（2005年）和歐洲研究理事會獎學金（ERC，2009年）。擔任歐洲項目協調員（AFDAR，航空研究的先進流動診斷，2010-2013年）。推廣和指導超過20位博士生。研究興趣涵蓋粒子影像速度計（PIV）的開發及其在超音速和高超音速氣動力學中的應用。顯著的發展包括影像變形技術、用於3D流速測量的斷層PIV及其在風洞實驗中定量確定壓力波動和聲學發射的應用。最近的工作涉及將PIV數據與計算流體力學（CFD）技術相結合，擴展PIV至大型風洞實驗，並應用於運動氣動力學、地面車輛、飛機和火箭氣動力學等領域。發表超過200篇論文，並在全球發表超過20場主題演講。他擔任多個國際會議和期刊的編輯委員會成員，包括《測量科學與技術》和《流體實驗》等。

**克里斯蒂安·J·凱勒**（Christian J. Kaehler）於1997年在克勞斯塔爾理工大學獲得物理學文憑，2004年在戈廷根的喬治·奧古斯特大學獲得物理學博士學位，並於2008年在布倫瑞克理工大學獲得Habilitation。1996年至2001年，凱勒博士在戈廷根的德國航空航天中心（DLR）工作（德國·科門漢斯博士），期間於1996年在伊利諾伊大學厄本那-香檳分校（阿德里安教授）和1998年在加州理工學院（加里布教授）進行研究訪問。2001年至2008年，他擔任布倫瑞克理工大學流動控制與測量技術研究小組的負責人（拉德斯皮爾教授）。隨後，他成為流體力學教授，並於2008年被任命為慕尼黑聯邦國防軍大學流體力學與氣動力學研究所的所長。2012年，他獲得柏林理工大學的愛因斯坦氣動力學教授職位（拒絕），2017年德爾夫特理工大學邀請他擔任流體力學講座的負責人（拒絕）。他的研究涵蓋廣泛主題，涉及微觀和宏觀尺度的光學測量技術的開發，以進一步研究微流體和亞音速、跨音速及超音速條件下的湍流現象。他是《流體實驗》（Springer Nature）的副編輯、《流動、湍流與燃燒》（Springer Nature）的編輯顧問委員會成員，以及《理論與應用力學快報》（Elsevier）的編輯委員會成員，並且是國際PIV挑戰賽的指導委員會成員和組織者（2001年戈廷根，2003年釜山，2005年帕薩迪納，2014年里斯本）。

**史蒂文·T·韋雷利**（Steven T. Wereley）於1990年在威斯康辛州阿普爾頓的勞倫斯大學獲得物理學文學士學位，並在聖路易斯的華盛頓大學獲得機械工程理學士學位。他於1992年和1997年分別在西北大學獲得碩士和博士學位。隨後，他在加州大學聖巴巴拉分校的機械與環境工程系工作兩年，開發微域研究的粒子影像速度計算法。自1999年以來，他一直在普渡大學機械工程學院擔任教授，1999年至2005年擔任助理教授，之後擔任副教授。韋雷利教授的研究主要集中在微粒子影像速度計技術和微電機系統，應用於生物物理學和生物工程。

**尤根·科門漢斯**（Juergen Kompenhans）於1976年在戈廷根的喬治·奧古斯特大學獲得物理學博士學位。1977年至2011年，他在德國戈廷根的德國航空航天中心（DLR）工作，主要開發和應用非侵入式測量技術於氣動力學研究，從1985年開始使用PIV技術。自2001年以來，他一直擔任DLR氣動力學與流動技術研究所實驗方法部門的負責人。在該部門內，開發了基於影像的方法，如壓力敏感塗料、溫度敏感塗料、粒子影像速度計、模型變形測量技術、密度測量技術、聲場測量技術等，應用於大型工業風洞的移動系統。作為幾個歐洲網絡的協調員，他促進並推廣了基於影像的測量技術在工業研究中的應用。目前，他的興趣集中在貢獻於流量計的開發以及使用PIV技術所需的組件的開發。