Cisco Network Admission Control, Volume II: NAC Deployment and Troubleshooting (思科網路存取控制，第二卷：NAC部署與故障排除)

Description

Cisco Network Admission Control

Volume II: NAC Framework Deployment and Troubleshooting

 

The self-defending network in action

 

Jazib Frahim, CCIE® No. 5459

Omar Santos

David White, Jr., CCIE No. 12,021

 

When most information security professionals think about threats to their networks, they think about the threat of attackers from the outside. However, in recent years the number of computer security incidents occurring from trusted users within a company has equaled those occurring from external threats. The difference is, external threats are fairly well understood and almost all companies utilize tools and technology to protect against those threats. In contrast, the threats from internal trusted employees or partners are often overlooked and much more difficult to protect against.

 

Network Admission Control (NAC) is designed to prohibit or restrict access to the secured internal network from devices with a diminished security posture until they are patched or updated to meet the minimum corporate security requirements. A fundamental component of the Cisco® Self-Defending Network Initiative, NAC enables you to enforce host patch policies and to regulate network access permissions for noncompliant, vulnerable systems.

 

Cisco Network Admission Control, Volume II, helps you understand how to deploy the NAC Framework solution and ultimately build a self-defending network. The book focuses on the key components that make up the NAC Framework, showing how you can successfully deploy and troubleshoot each component and the overall solution. Emphasis is placed on real-world deployment scenarios, and the book walks you step by step through individual component configurations. Along the way, the authors call out best practices and tell you which mistakes to avoid. Component-level and solution-level troubleshooting techniques are also presented. Three full-deployment scenarios walk you through application of NAC in a small business, medium-sized organization, and large enterprise.

 

“To successfully deploy and troubleshoot the Cisco NAC solution requires thoughtful builds and design of NAC in branch, campus, and enterprise topologies. It requires a practical and methodical view towards building layered security and management with troubleshooting, auditing, and monitoring capabilities.”

—Jayshree V. Ullal, Senior Vice President, Datacenter, Switching and Security Technology Group, Cisco Systems®

 

Jazib Frahim, CCIE® No. 5459, is a senior network security engineer in the Worldwide Security Services Practice of the Cisco Advanced Services for Network Security team. He is responsible for guiding customers in the design and implementation of their networks with a focus on network security.

 

Omar Santos is a senior network security engineer in the Worldwide Security Services Practice of the Cisco Advanced Services for Network Security team. He has more than 12 years of experience in secure data communications.

 

David White, Jr., CCIE No. 12,021, has more than 10 years of networking experience with a focus on network security. He is currently an escalation engineer in the Cisco TAC, where he has been for more than six years.

 

• Effectively deploy the Cisco Trust Agent
• Configure Layer 2 IP and Layer 2 802.1x NAC on network access devices
• Examine packet flow in a Cisco IOS NAD when NAC is enabled, and configure Layer 3 NAC on the NAD
• Monitor remote access VPN tunnels
• Configure and troubleshoot NAC on the Cisco ASA and PIX security appliances
• Install and configure Cisco Secure Access Control Server (ACS) for NAC
• Install the Cisco Security Agent Manage-ment Center and create agent kits
• Add antivirus policy servers to ACS for external antivirus posture validation
• Understand and apply audit servers to your NAC solution
• Use remediation servers to automatically patch end hosts to bring them in compliance with your network policies
• Monitor the NAC solution using the Cisco Security Monitoring, Analysis, and Response System (MARS)

 

This security book is part of the Cisco Press® Networking Technology Series. Security titles from Cisco Press help networking professionals secure critical data and resources, prevent and mitigate network attacks, and build end-to-end self-defending networks.

 

 

Introduction

Part I NAC Overview

Chapter 1 NAC Solution and Technology Overview

Network Admission Control

    NAC: Phase I

    NAC: Phase II

    NAC Program Participants

Components That Make Up the NAC Framework Solution

    Cisco Trust Agent

    Cisco Security Agent

    Network-Access Devices

    Cisco VPN 3000 Series Concentrator

    Cisco Secure Access Control Server

    Event Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting

Summary

Review Questions

Part II Configuration  Guidelines

Chapter 2 Cisco Trust Agent

Preparing for Deployment of CTA

    Supported Operating Systems

Deploying CTA in a Lab Environment

    CTA Windows Installation

    CTA Windows Installation with the 802.1X Wired Supplicant

    CTA Mac Installation

    CTA Linux Installation

    Installing the CA Certificate

User Notifications

Customizing CTA with the Optional ctad.ini File

     [main] Section

     [EAPoUDP] Section

     [UserNotifies] Section

     [ServerCertDNVerification] Distinguished Name-Matching Section

     [Scripting_Interface] Section

    Example ctad.ini

CTA Scripting Interface

    Requirements for Using the Scripting Interface

    Executing the Scripting Interface

CTA Logging Service

    Creating a ctalogd.ini File

    Using the clogcli Utility

Deploying CTA in a Production Network

    Deploying CTA on Windows

    Deploying CTA on Mac OS X

    Deploying CTA on Linux

Troubleshooting CTA

    Installation Issues

    Communication Issues

    System Logs

    CTA Client Fails to Receive a Posture Token

    CTA 802.1X Wired Client

    Client Is Disconnected (Suspended)

Chapter Summary

References

Review Question

Chapter 3 Cisco Secure Services Client

Installing and Configuring the Cisco Secure Services Client

    Minimum System Requirements

    Installing the Cisco Secure Services Administrative Client

    Configuring the Cisco Secure Services Administrative Client

Deploying the Cisco Secure Services Client in a Production Network

    End-User Client Deployment Installation Prerequisite

    Creating End-User Client-Configuration Files

    Creating the License File

    Deploying the End-User Client

Viewing the Current Status of the Cisco Secure Services Client

Windows Wireless Zero Configuration

Troubleshooting the Cisco Secure Services Client

    System Report Utility

    Viewing the Client Logs and Connection Status in Real Time

    Client Icon Does Not Appear in System Tray

    Client GUI Does Not Start

    Client Does Not Prompt for Password

    Wireless Client Is Immediately Dissociated after 802.1X Authentication

    Client Is Disconnected (Suspended)

Summary

References

Review Question

Chapter 4 Configuring Layer 2 NAC on Network Access Devices

NAC-L2-IP

    Architecture of NAC-L2-IP

    Configuring NAC-L2-IP

    Troubleshooting NAC-L2-IP

NAC-L2-802.1X

    Architecture of NAC-L2-802.1X

    Configuring NAC-L2-802.1X

    MAC Authentication Bypass

    Troubleshooting NAC-L2-802.1X

    Configuring NAC-L2-802.1X on Cisco Wireless Access Points

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 5 Configuring Layer 3 NAC on Network Access Devices

Architectural Overview of NAC on Layer 3 Devices

Configuration Steps of NAC on Layer 3 Devices

    Step 1: Configuring AAA Authentication

    Step 2: Defining the RADIUS Server

    Step 3: Specifying the Interface Access Control List

    Step 4: Configuring the NAC Parameters

    Step 5: Defining the NAC Intercept Access Control List (Optional)

    Step 6: Setting Up the Exception Policies (Optional)

    Step 7: Configuring the Clientless Host Parameters (Optional)

    Step 8: Optimizing the NAC Parameters (Optional)

Monitoring and Troubleshooting NAC on Layer 3 Devices

    Useful Monitoring Commands

    Troubleshooting NAC

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 6 Configuring NAC on Cisco VPN 3000 Series Concentrators

Architectural Overview of NAC on Cisco VPN 3000 Concentrators

    Cisco Software Clients

    Microsoft L2TP over IPSec Clients

Configuration Steps of NAC on Cisco VPN 3000 Concentrators

    VPN Configuration on the VPN 3000 Concentrator

    VPN Configuration on the Cisco VPN Client

    NAC Configuration on the VPN 3000 Concentrator

Testing, Monitoring, and Troubleshooting NAC on Cisco VPN 3000 Concentrators

    Remote-Access IPSec Tunnel Without NAC

    Remote-Access IPSec Tunnel from an Agentless Client

    Remote-Access IPSec Tunnel from a CTA Client

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 7 Configuring NAC on Cisco ASA and PIX Security Appliances

Architectural Overview of NAC on Cisco Security Appliances

    Stateless Failover for NAC

    Per-Group NAC Exception List

Configuration Steps of NAC on Cisco Security Appliances

    VPN Configuration on the Security Appliances

    VPN Configuration on the Cisco VPN Client

    NAC Configuration on the Cisco Security Appliances

Testing, Monitoring, and Troubleshooting NAC on Cisco Security Appliances

    Remote-Access IPSec Tunnel Without NAC

    Remote-Access IPSec Tunnel from an Agentless Client

    Remote-Access IPSec Tunnel from a CTA Client

    Monitoring of NAC Sessions

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 8 Cisco Secure Access Control Server

Installing ACS

    Installation Prerequisites

    Installing ACS on a Windows Server

    Upgrading from Previous Versions of ACS Server

    Post-Installation Tasks

Initial ACS Configuration

    Configuring Network Device Groups (Optional)

    Adding Network Access Devices

    Configuring RADIUS Attributes and Advanced Options

    Installing Certificates

    Configuring Global Authentication Protocols

    Creating Network Access Profiles Using NAC Templates

Posture Validation

    Internal Posture-Validation Policies

    External Posture Validation and Audit Servers

    Miscellaneous Posture-Validation Options

Posture Enforcement

    Downloadable IP ACLs

    VLAN Assignment

    Policy-Based ACLs

    RADIUS Authorization Components

Network Access Profiles

    Protocols Policy

    Authentication Policy

    Posture Validation Policy

    Authorization Policy

Network Access Filtering

NAC Agentless Hosts

    Centralized Agentless Host Policy for NAC-L3-IP and NAC-L2-IP

    Centralized Agentless Host Policy for NAC-L2-802.1X (MAC Authentication Bypass)

    Configuring the Agentless Host Policy on ACS

User Databases

Importing Vendor Attribute-Value Pairs

Enabling Logging

    Configuring Failed Attempts Logging

    Configuring Passed Authentications Logging

    Configuring RADIUS Accounting Logging

Replication

Troubleshooting ACS

    Enabling Service Debug Logging

    Invalid Protocol Data

    RADIUS Posture-Validation Requests Are Not Mapped to the Correct NAP

    RADIUS Dictionaries Missing from the Interface Configuration Section

    Certificate Issues—EAP-TLS or PEAP Authentication Failed During SSL Handshake in Failed Attempts Log

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 9 Cisco Security Agent

Cisco Security Agent Architecture

    CSA MC Rule Definitions

    Global Event Correlation

Installing Cisco Security Agents Management Center

Configuring CSA NAC-Related Features

    Creating Groups

    Creating Agent Kits

    System State and NAC Posture Changes

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 10 Antivirus Software Integration

Supported Antivirus Software Vendors

Antivirus Software Posture Plug-Ins

Antivirus Policy Servers and the Host Credential Authorization Protocol (HCAP)

    Adding External Antivirus Policy Servers in Cisco Secure ACS

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 11 Audit Servers

Options for Handling Agentless Hosts

    MAC Authentication Bypass

    Audit Servers

Architectural Overview of NAC for Agentless Hosts

Configuring Audit Servers

    Installation of QualysGuard Scanner Appliance

    Configuration of QualysGuard Scanner Appliance

    Configuration of CS-ACS Server

Monitoring of Agentless Hosts

    Monitoring Agentless Hosts on QualysGuard Scanner

    Monitoring CS-ACS Logs

    Monitoring Agentless Hosts on a Cisco NAD

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 12 Remediation

Altiris

    Altiris Network Discovery

    Importing Attribute Files to Cisco Secure ACS

    Setting External Posture Validation Audit Server on Cisco Secure ACS

    Installing the Altiris Network Access Agent and Posture Plug-In

    Exception Policies

    Creating Posture Policies on the Altiris Notification Server

PatchLink

Summary

Review Questions

Part III Deployment Scenarios

Chapter 13 Deploying and Troubleshooting NAC in Small Businesses

NAC Requirements for a Small Business

Small Business Network Topology

Configuring NAC in a Small Business

    Cisco Secure ACS

    End-User Clients

    Switches

    Web Server

Troubleshooting NAC Deployment in a Small Business

    show Commands

    EAP over UDP Logging

    Cisco Secure ACS Logging

    Certificate Issues: EAP-TLS or PEAP Authentication Failed During SSL Handshake

    Incorrect Time or Date

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 14 Deploying and Troubleshooting NAC in Medium-Size Enterprises

Deployment Overview of NAC in a Medium-Size Enterprise

    The User Network

    The Management Network

    The Quarantine Network

Business Requirements for NAC in a Medium-Size Enterprise

Medium-Size Enterprise NAC Solution Highlights

    Enforcement Actions

Steps for Configuring NAC in a Medium-Size Enterprise

    Catalyst 6500 CatOS Configuration

    VPN 3000 Concentrator Configuration

    Audit Server Configuration

    Altiris Quarantine Solution Configuration

    Trend Micro Policy Server Configuration

    Cisco Secure ACS Configuration

    CSA-MC Server Configuration

    End-User Clients

Monitoring and Troubleshooting NAC in a Medium-Size Enterprise

    Diagnosing NAC on Catalyst 6500 Switch

    Diagnosing NAC on a VPN 3000 Concentrator

    Cisco Secure ACS Logging

Summary

Review Questions

Chapter 15 Deploying and Troubleshooting NAC in Large Enterprises

Business Requirements for Deploying NAC in a Large Enterprise

    Security Policies

    Enforcement Actions

Design and Network Topology for NAC in a Large Enterprise

    Branch Office

    Regional Office

    Headquarters

Configuring NAC in a Large Enterprise

    ACS

    End-User Clients

    Switches

Troubleshooting NAC Deployment in a Large Enterprise

    show Commands

    debug Commands

    ACS Logs and CS-MARS

Summary

Review Questions

Part IV Managing and Monitoring NAC

Chapter 16 NAC Deployment and Management Best Practices

A Phased Approach to Deploying NAC Framework

    Readiness Assessment

    Stakeholders

    Initial Lab Environment

    Test Plans

    Initial Tuning

    Final Deployment Strategy

Provisioning of User Client Software

CSA Management

Maintaining NAC Policies

    Keeping Operating System Policies Up-to-Date

    Keeping Your Antivirus Policies Up-to-Date

    Maintenance of Remediation Servers and Third-Party Software

Technical Support

Education and Awareness

    End-User Education and Awareness

    Help-Desk Staff Training

    Engineering and Networking Staff Training

Summary

References

Review Questions

Chapter 17 Monitoring the NAC Solution Using the Cisco Security Monitoring, Analysis, and Response System

CS-MARS Overview

Setting Up Cisco IOS Routers to Report to CS-MARS

    Defining the Cisco IOS Router as a Reporting Device within CS-MARS

    Configuring the Cisco IOS Router to Forward Events to CS-MARS

Setting Up Cisco Switches to Report to CS-MARS

    Defining the Cisco Switch as a Reporting Device within CS-MARS

    Configuring the Cisco Switch to Forward Events to CS-MARS

Configuring ACS to Send Events to CS-MARS

    Defining ACS as a Reporting Device within CS-MARS

    Configuring Logging on ACS

    Configuring 802.1X NADs in ACS to Report to CS-MARS

    Installing the pnlog Agent on ACS

Configuring CSA to Send Events to CS-MARS

    Defining CSA-MC as a Reporting Device within CS-MARS

    Configuring CSA-MC to Forward Events to CS-MARS

Configuring VPN 3000 Concentrators to Send Events to CS-MARS

    Defining the VPN 3000 Concentrator as a Reporting Device within CS-MARS

    Configuring the VPN 3000 Concentrator to Forward Events to CS-MARS

Configuring the Adaptive Security Appliance and PIX Security Appliance to Send Events to CS-MARS

    Defining the ASA/PIX Appliance as a Reporting Device within CS-MARS

    Configuring the ASA/PIX Appliance to Forward Events to CS-MARS

Configuring QualysGuard to Send Events to CS-MARS

Generating Reports in CS-MARS

    NAC Report—Top Tokens

    NAC Report—Infected/Quarantine—Top Hosts

    NAC Report—Agentless (Clientless) Hosts

    Creating Scheduled NAC Reports

Troubleshooting CS-MARS

    Events from a Specific Device Are Not Showing Up

    Events Are Showing Up from an Unknown Reporting Device

    Trouble Discovering a Monitored Device

Summary

Reference

Review Questions

Part V Appendix

Appendix A Answers to Review Questions