The Microsoft DirectX 9 Programmable Graphics Pipeline

Summary

The graphics programmer’s essential guide to DirectX 9, straight from the Microsoft DirectX team

The Microsoft DirectX 3D graphics pipeline has undergone a major architectural shift with version 9, making it fully programmable—and this book lets you get in on the action! Discover how you can boost multimedia performance for all types of applications, including animation, texturing, modeling, and rendering, with this next generation of 3D graphics software. Providing a step-by-step tour through the graphics pipeline and its 3D utilities, the book covers fundamental features such as vertex shaders, pixel shaders, effect files, new 3D utilities, including mesh utilities, and DirectX 9 extensions. It also includes coded examples showing you how to use or mix and match blocks within the pipeline for unique graphics needs. Packed with how-to information and documentation straight from the Microsoft DirectX development team, this essential guide delivers everything you need for faster, leaner development—and more powerful results.

Table of Contents

Foreword	xiii
Acknowledgments	xvii
Introduction	xix
PART I  PROGRAMMING ASSEMBLY-LANGUAGE SHADERS
1  Vertex Shader Introduction	3
Vertex Processing	4
Vertex Shader Tutorial 1: Transforming Vertices	6
Vertex Shader Tutorial 1a: Adding a Diffuse Color	19
Summary	23
2  Vertex Shader Virtual Machine	25
Virtual Machine Block Diagram	25
Shader Layout	27
Registers	28
Instructions	32
Setup Instructions	33
Arithmetic Instructions	34
Macro-Op Instructions	35
Texture Instructions	36
Flow-Control Instructions	36
Modifiers Extend the Virtual Machine	37
Vertex Shader Version Differences	39
Summary	41
3  Vertex Shader Examples	43
Example 1: Vertex Shader Fog	43
Example 2: Vertex Shader SDK Sample	47
Example 3: Vertex Blend SDK Sample	56
Summary	65
4  Pixel Shader Virtual Machine	67
Pixel Processing	67
Pixel Shader Virtual Machine Block Diagram	72
Shader Layout	74
Registers	75
Input Registers for Versions 1_1 to 1_4	76
Output Register for Versions 1_1 to 1_4	77
Input Registers for Version ps_2_0 and Later	77
Instructions	80
Setup Instructions	82
Arithmetic Instructions	83
Macro-Op Instructions	84
Texture Instructions	85
Flow-Control Instructions	87
Instruction Set Summary	89
Modifiers Extend the Virtual Machine	89
Modifiers for Versions 1_1 to 1_4	90
Modifiers for ps_2_0 and Later	92
Pixel Shader Version Differences	92
Summary	93
5  Pixel Shader Examples	95
Example 1: 2-D Image Processing	95
Example 2: Multilayered Textures	101
PART II  PROGRAMMING HLSL SHADERS
6  HLSL Introduction	109
Tutorial 1: Start with a Vertex Shader: Hello World	110
Add a Diffuse Color	113
Tutorial 2: Add a Pixel Shader	115
Complementing	118
Darkening	118
Masking the Red Out	119
Displaying Red Only	119
Tutorial 3: Add a Procedural Texture	120
Building the Tutorials	122
Creating Resources	123
Rendering	129
Summary	130
7  The Language	131
Data Types	131
Scalar Types	131
Variable Declaration	132
Type Modifiers	132
Storage Class Modifiers	134
Semantics	135
Annotations	135
Vector Types	135
Matrix Types	138
Constructors	142
Casting	143
Integer Math	144
Complex Data Types	144
Expressions and Statements	149
Statements	155
Functions	160
Function Declaration	160
Function Body	167
Intrinsic Functions	168
Summary	169
8  HLSL Examples	171
Glow Example	171
Apply a Texture	173
Add the Glow	183
Sparkle Example	192
Vertex Shader	195
Texture Shader	198
Pixel Shader	199
Diffuse Only	201
Diffuse and Gloss	201
Diffuse, Gloss, and Sparkle	201
Vertex and Pixel Shader Creation	202
Procedural Texture Creation	204
Environment Map Creation	205
Mesh Creation	206
Render	210
HLSL Experimentation in EffectEdit	211
Summary	212
PART III  PROGRAMMING EFFECTS
9  Effect Introduction	215
Effects and the 3-D Pipeline	215
An Effect with an Assembly-Language Vertex Shader	217
Effect Global Variables	218
Effect State	219
HLSL Vertex Shader	222
Characteristics of Effects	225
Save and Restore State	225
Use Multiple Techniques and Passes	227
Share Parameters	229
Use Semantics to Find Parameters	230
Use Handles to Get and Set Parameters	230
Add Parameter Information with Annotations	231
Building an Effect	232
Create an Effect	232
Validate an Effect	234
Render an Effect	234
Summary	236
10  Assembly-Language Effect Examples	237
Example 1: Asm Vertex Shader with Lighting	237
Example 2: Asm Vertex Shader and Pixel Shader with Texturing	243
Example 3: Asm Vertex Shader Environment Map	249
11  HLSL Effect Examples	259
Example 1: Vertex and Pixel Shader with Per-Pixel Lighting	259
Example 2: Multiple-Pass Rendering with Alpha Blending	265
EffectEdit: Interactive Effect Development	274
The Code Pane	274
The Render Pane	275
The Rendering Options Pane	275
The Compile Results Pane	275
Getting an Effect to Run in EffectEdit	276
Example 3: Hemispheric Lighting	278
PART IV  APPENDIXES
A  Vertex Processing	287
Transformations	287
Affine Transform	289
Left-to-Right Order	290
World Transform	291
View Transform	292
Projection Transform	294
Vertex Fog	297
Lights and Materials	299
Ambient Light	300
Diffuse Light	300
Specular Light	301
Emissive Light	302
Light Attenuation	302
Spotlight Cone	303
B  Asm Shader Instructions	305
Instructions	305
C  HLSL Reference	347
1: Data Types	347
1.1 Intrinsic Types	347
1.2 User-Defined Types	348
1.3 Type Casts	349
2: Operators	351
3: User-Defined Functions	353
3.1 Vertex Shader Semantics	355
3.2 Pixel Shader Semantics	356
3.3 Procedural Texture Shader Semantics	357
4: Intrinsic Functions	357
5: Pixel Shader 1_x Considerations	386
5.1 ps_1_1, ps_1_2, and ps_1_3	387
5.2 ps_1_4	387
5.3 Modifiers	388
5.4 Texture Instructions	391
6: Keywords	397
7: Directives	398
8: Lexical Conventions	398
8.1 White Space	398
8.2 Floating-Point Numbers	399
8.3 Integer Numbers	399
8.4 Characters	400
8.5 Identifiers	401
8.6 Strings	400
9: Grammar	400
9.1 Program	400
9.2 Declarations	400
9.3 Usages	401
9.4 Types	401
9.5 Structures	402
9.6 Annotations	403
9.7 Variables	403
9.8 Initializers	403
9.9 Functions	403
9.10 Techniques	404
9.11 Statements	405
9.12 Expressions	405
9.13 Tokens	407
D  Effect Reference	409
1: Effect Format	409
1.1 Variables	409
1.2 Techniques	411
1.3 Passes	411
1.4 Expressions	411
1.5 Annotations	413
1.6 Cloning and Sharing	414
1.7 Handles	415
1.8 IDs and Semantics	416
1.9 Usages	417
1.10 Literals	417
1.11 Validation	418
2: Effect States	418
2.1 Light States	419
2.2 Material States	420
2.3 Render States: Vertex Pipeline vs. Pixel Pipeline	421
2.4 Sampler States	426
2.5 Sampler Stage States	426
2.6 Shader States	428
2.7 Shader Constant States	429
2.8 Texture States	431
2.9 Texture Stage States	431
2.10 Transform States	433
Summary	433
INDEX	435