The authoritative guide to universal character encoding
The official way to implement ISO/IEC 10646
The key to advancing global interoperability in information technology products
Unicode 4.0
The Unicode Standard
The Unicode Standard provides a unique code number for every character in electronic text, no matter what the platform, no matter what the application, no matter what the language. It is required for XML and is at the core of modern software products. Unicode 4.0 contains 96,248 characters covering languages of the world. The Unicode Standard contains extensive descriptions of each writing system, as well as definitions of character properties and detailed conformance requirements. It is the complete and definitive user's guide for novices and experts alike.
This edition, The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0, adds 47,188 new characters for minority and historic scripts, several sets of symbols, and a very large collection of additional CJK ideographs. It provides updated specifications covering structure, conformance, character behavior and semantics, as well as implementation guidelines, detailed discussions of writing systems, comprehensive charts, and an extensive glossary. The accompanying CD-ROM includes the text of all the Unicode Standard Annexes and the entire Unicode Character Database.
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments.
Unicode Consortium Members and Directors.
Figures.
Tables.
Preface.
1. Introduction.
Coverage.
Standards Coverage.
New Characters.
Design Goals.
Text Handling.
Interpreting Characters.
Text Elements.
The Unicode Standard and ISO/IEC 10646.
The Unicode Consortium.
The Unicode Technical Committee.
Submitting New Characters.
2. General Structure.
Architectural Context.
Basic Text Processes.
Text Elements, Characters, and Text Processes.
Text Processes and Encoding.
Unicode Design Principles.
Universality.
Efficiency.
Characters, Not Glyphs.
Semantics.
Plain Text.
Logical Order.
Unification.
Dynamic Composition.
Equivalent Sequences.
Convertibility.
Compatibility Characters.
Compatibility Characters.
Compatibility Decomposable Characters.
Mapping Compatibility Characters.
Code Points and Characters.
Types of Code Points.
Encoding Forms.
UTF-32.
UTF-16.
UTF-8.
Comparison of the Advantages of UTF-32, UTF-16, and UTF-8.
Encoding Schemes.
Unicode Strings.
Unicode Allocation.
Planes.
Allocation Areas and Character Blocks.
Details of Allocation.
Assignment of Code Points.
Writing Direction.
Combining Characters.
Sequence of Base Characters and Diacritics.
Multiple Combining Characters.
Ligated Multiple Base Characters.
Spacing Clones of European Diacritical Marks.
"Characters" and Grapheme Clusters.
Special Characters and Noncharacters.
Byte Order Mark (BOM).
Special Noncharacter Code Points.
Layout and Format Control Characters.
The Replacement Character.
Control Codes.
Conforming to the Unicode Standard.
Supported Subsets.
Related Publications.
3. Conformance.
Versions of the Unicode Standard.
Stability.
Version Numbering.
Errata, Corrigenda, and Future Updates.
References to the Unicode Standard.
References to Unicode Character Properties.
References to Unicode Algorithms.
Conformance Requirements.
Byte Ordering.
Unassigned Code Points.
Interpretation.
Modification.
Character Encoding Forms.
Character Encoding Schemes.
Bidirectional Text.
Normalization Forms.
Normative References.
Unicode Algorithms.
Default Casing Operations.
Unicode Standard Annexes.
Semantics.
Definitions.
Character Identity and Semantics.
Characters and Encoding.
Properties.
Normative and Informative Properties.
Simple and Derived Properties.
Property Aliases.
Default Property Values.
Private Use.
Combination.
Decomposition.
Compatibility Decomposition.
Canonical Decomposition.
Surrogates.
Unicode Encoding Forms.
UTF-32.
UTF-16.
UTF-8.
Encoding Form Conversion.
Unicode Encoding Schemes.
Canonical Ordering Behavior.
Application of Combining Marks.
Combining Classes.
Canonical Ordering.
Canonical Ordering and Collation.
Conjoining Jamo Behavior.
Hangul Syllable Boundaries.
Standard Korean Syllables.
Hangul Syllable Composition.
Hangul Syllable Decomposition.
Hangul Syllable Names.
Default Case Operations.
Definitions.
Case Conversion of Strings.
Case Detection for Strings.
Caseless Matching.
4. Character Properties.
Unicode Character Database.
Case-Normative.
Case Mapping.
Combining Classes-Normative.
Directionality-Normative.
General Category-Normative.
Numeric Value-Normative.
Ideographic Numeric Values.
Bidi Mirrored-Normative.
Unicode 1.0 Names.
Letters, Alphabetic, and Ideographic.
Boundary Control.
Characters with Unusual Properties.
5. Implementation Guidelines.
Transcoding to Other Standards.
Issues.
Multistage Tables.
ANSI/ISO C wchar_t.
Unknown and Missing Characters.
Reserved and Private-Use Character Codes.
Interpretable but Unrenderable Characters.
Default Property Values.
Default Ignorable Code Points.
Interacting with Downlevel Systems.
Handling Surrogate Pairs in UTF-16.
Handling Numbers.
Normalization.
Compression.
Newline Guidelines.
Definitions.
Background.
Recommendations.
Regular Expressions.
Language Information in Plain Text.
Requirements for Language Tagging.
Language Tags and Han Unification.
Editing and Selection.
Consistent Text Elements.
Strategies for Handling Nonspacing Marks.
Keyboard Input.
Truncation.
Rendering Nonspacing Marks.
Canonical Equivalence.
Positioning Methods.
Locating Text Element Boundaries.
Identifiers.
Property-Based Identifier Syntax.
Syntactic Rule.
Alternative Recommendation.
Sorting and Searching.
Culturally Expected Sorting and Searching.
Language-Insensitive Sorting.
Searching.
Sublinear Searching.
Binary Order.
UTF-8 in UTF-16 Order.
UTF-16 in UTF-8 Order.
Case Mappings.
Complications for Case Mapping.
Reversibility.
Caseless Matching.
Normalization.
Unicode Security.
Default Ignorable Code Points.
6. Writing Systems and Punctuation.
Writing Systems.
General Punctuation.
Punctuation: U+0020-U+00BF.
General Punctuation: U+2000-U+206F.
CJK Symbols and Punctuation: U+3000-U+303F.
CJK Compatibility Forms: U+FE30-U+FE4F.
Small Form Variants: U+FE50-U+FE6F.
7. European Alphabetic Scripts.
Latin.
Letters of Basic Latin: U+0041-U+007A.
Letters of the Latin-1 Supplement: U+00C0-U+00FF.
Latin Extended-A: U+0100-U+017F.
Latin Extended-B: U+0180-U+024F.
IPA Extensions: U+0250-U+02AF.
Phonetic Extensions: U+1D00-U+1D6A.
Latin Extended Additional: U+1E00-U+1EFF.
Latin Ligatures: FB00-FB06.
Greek.
Greek: U+0370-U+03FF.
Greek Extended: U+1F00-U+1FFF.
Cyrillic.
Cyrillic: U+0400-U+04FF.
Cyrillic Supplement: U+0500-U+052F.
Armenian.
Armenian: U+0530-U+058F.
Georgian.
Georgian: U+10A0-U+10FF.
Modifier Letters.
Spacing Modifier Letters: U+02B0-U+02FF.
Combining Marks.
Combining Diacritical Marks: U+0300-U+036F.
Combining Marks for Symbols: U+20D0-U+20FF.
Combining Half Marks: U+FE20-U+FE2F.
8. Middle Eastern Scripts.
Hebrew.
Hebrew: U+0590-U+05FF.
Alphabetic Presentation Forms: U+FB1D-U+FB4F.
Arabic.
Arabic: U+0600-U+06FF.
Cursive Joining.
Ligatures.
Arabic Presentation Forms-A: U+FB50-U+FDFF.
Arabic Presentation Forms-B: U+FE70-U+FEFF.
Syriac.
Syriac: U+0700-U+074F.
Syriac Shaping.
Syriac Cursive Joining.
Ligatures.
Thaana.
Thaana: U+0780-U+07BF.
9. South Asian Scripts.
Devanagari.
Devanagari: U+0900-U+097F.
Bengali.
Bengali: U+0980-U+09FF.
Gurmukhi.
Gurmukhi: U+0A00-U+0A7F.
Gujarati.
Gujarati: U+0A80-U+0AFF.
Oriya.
Oriya: U+0B00-U+0B7F.
Tamil.
Tamil: U+0B80-U+0BFF.
Telugu.
Telugu: U+0C00-U+0C7F.
Kannada.
Kannada: U+0C80-U+0CFF.
Malayalam.
Malayalam: U+0D00-U+0D7F.
Sinhala.
Sinhala: U+0D80-U+0DFF.
Tibetan.
Tibetan: U+0F00-U+0FFF.
Limbu.
Limbu: U+1900-U+194F.
10. Southeast Asian Scripts.
Thai.
Thai: U+0E00-U+0E7F.
Lao.
Lao: U+0E80-U+0EFF.
Myanmar.
Myanmar: U+1000-U+109F.
Khmer.
Khmer: U+1780-U+17FF.
Khmer Symbols: U+19E0-U+19FF.
Tai Le.
Tai Le: U+1950-U+197F.
Philippine Scripts.
Tagalog: U+1700-U+171F.
Hanunoo: U+1720-U+173F.
Buhid: U+1740-U+175F.
Tagbanwa: U+1760-U+177F.
11. East Asian Scripts.
Han.
CJK Unified Ideographs.
CJK Unified Ideographs Ext. B: U+20000-U+2A6D6.
CJK Compatibility Ideographs: U+F900-U+FAFF.
CJK Compatibility Supplement: U+2F800-U+2FA1D.
Kanbun: U+3190-U+319F.
CJK and KangXi Radicals: U+2E80-U+2FD5.
Ideographic Description: U+2FF0-U+2FFB.
Bopomofo.
Bopomofo: U+3100-U+312F.
Hiragana and Katakana.
Hiragana: U+3040-U+309F.
Katakana: U+30A0-U+30FF.
Katakana Phonetic Extensions: U+31F0-U+31FF.
Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms: U+FF00-U+FFEF.
Hangul.
Hangul Jamo: U+1100-U+11FF.
Hangul Compatibility Jamo: U+3130-U+318F.
Hangul Syllables: U+AC00-U+D7A3.
Yi.
Yi: U+A000-U+A4CF.
12. Additional Modern Scripts.
Ethiopic.
Ethiopic: U+1200-U+137F.
Mongolian.
Mongolian: U+1800-U+18AF.
Osmanya.
Osmanya: U+10480-U+104AF.
Cherokee.
Cherokee: U+13A0-U+13FF.
Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics.
Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics: U+1400-U+167F.
Deseret.
Deseret: U+10400-U+1044F.
Shavian.
Shavian: U+10450-U+1047F.
13. Archaic Scripts.
Ogham.
Ogham: U+1680-U+169F.
Old Italic.
Old Italic: U+10300-U+1032F.
Runic.
Runic: U+16A0-U+16F0.
Gothic.
Gothic: U+10330-U+1034F.
Ugaritic.
Ugaritic: U+10380-U+1039F.
Linear B.
Linear B Syllabary: U+10000-U+1007F.
Linear B Ideograms: U+10080-U+108FF.
Aegean Numbers: U+10100-U+1013F.
Cypriot Syllabary.
Cypriot Syllabary: U+10800-U+1083F.
14. Symbols.
Currency Symbols.
Currency Symbols: U+20A0-U+20CF.
Letterlike Symbols.
Letterlike Symbols: U+2100-U+214F.
Math Alphanumeric Symbols: U+1D400-U+1D7FF.
Mathematical Alphabets.
Fonts Used for Mathematical Alphabets.
Number Forms.
Number Forms: U+2150-U+218F.
Superscripts and Subscripts: U+2070-U+209F.
Mathematical Symbols.
Mathematical Operators: U+2200-U+22FF.
Supplements to Mathematical Symbols and Arrows.
Supplemental Math Operators: U+2A00-U+2AFF.
Miscellaneous Math Symbols-A: U+27C0-U+27EF.
Miscellaneous Math Symbols-B: U+2980-U+29FF.
Arrows: U+2190-U+21FF.
Supplemental Arrows.
Standardized Variants of Mathematical Symbols.
Technical Symbols.
Control Pictures: U+2400-U+243F.
Miscellaneous Technical: U+2300-U+23FF.
Optical Character Recognition: U+2440-U+245F.
Geometrical Symbols.
Box Drawing: U+2500-U+257F.
Block Elements: U+2580-U+259F.
Geometric Shapes: U+25A0-U+25FF.
Miscellaneous Symbols and Dingbats.
Miscellaneous Symbols: U+2600-U+26FF.
Dingbats: U+2700-U+27BF.
Yijing Hexagram Symbols: U+4DC0-U+4DFF.
Tai Xuan Jing Symbols: U+1D300-U+1D356.
Enclosed and Square.
Enclosed Alphanumerics: U+2460-U+24FF.
Enclosed CJK Letters and Months: U+3200-U+32FF.
CJK Compatibility: U+3300-U+33FF.
Braille.
Braille Patterns: U+2800-U+28FF.
Byzantine Musical Symbols.
Byzantine Musical Symbols: U+1D000-U+1D0FF.
Western Musical Symbols.
Musical Symbols: U+1D100-U+1D1FF.
15. Special Areas and Format Characters.
Control Codes.
Layout Controls.
Invisible Operators.
Deprecated Format Characters.
Deprecated Format Characters: U+206A-U+206F.
Surrogates Area.
Surrogates Area: U+D800-U+DFFF.
Variation Selectors.
Private-Use Characters.
Private Use Area: U+E000-U+F8FF.
Supplementary Private Use Areas.
Noncharacters.
Noncharacters: U+FFFE, U+FFFF, and Others.
Specials.
Specials: U+FEFF, U+FFF0-U+FFFD.
Tag Characters.
Tag Characters: U+E0000-U+E007F.
16. Code Charts.
Character Names List.
Images in the Code Charts and Character Lists.
Character Names.
Aliases.
Cross References.
Information About Languages.
Case Mappings.
Decompositions.
Reserved Characters.
Noncharacters.
Subheads.
CJK Unified Ideographs.
Hangul Syllables.
17. Han Radical-Stroke Index.
A. Han Unification History.
B. Abstracts of Unicode Technical Reports.
Unicode Standard Annexes.
UAX #9: The Bidirectional Algorithm.
UAX #11: East Asian Width.
UAX #14: Line Breaking Properties.
UAX #15: Unicode Normalization Forms.
UAX #24: Script Names.
UAX #29: Text Boundaries.
Unicode Technical Standards.
UTS #6: A Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode.
UTS #10: Unicode Collation Algorithm.
Unicode Technical Reports.
UTR #16: UTF-EBCDIC.
UTR #17: Character Encoding Model.
UTR #18: Unicode Regular Expression Guidelines.
UTR #20: Unicode in XML and Other Markup Languages.
UTR #22: Character Mapping Markup Language (CharMapML).
UTR #26: Compatibility Encoding Scheme for UTF-16: 8-Bit (CESU-8).
Other Unicode References.
Unicode Technical Notes.
FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions).
Charts.
Conferences.
Policies.
Updates and Errata.
Versions.
Where Is My Character?
C. Relationship to ISO/IEC 10646.
History.
Unicode 1.0.
Unicode 2.0.
Unicode 3.0.
Unicode 4.0.
Encoding Forms in ISO/IEC 10646.
Zero Extending.
UCS Transformation Formats.
UTF-8.
UTF-16.
Synchronization of the Standards.
Identification of Features for the Unicode Standard.
Character Names.
Character Functional Specifications.
D. Changes from Unicode Version 3.0.
Versions of the Unicode Standard.
Changes from Unicode Version 3.0 to Version 3.1.
New Characters Added.
Unicode Character Database Changes.
Changes Affecting Conformance.
Unicode Standard Annexes.
Changes from Unicode Version 3.1 to Version 3.2.
New Characters Added.
Unicode Character Database Changes.
Changes Affecting Conformance.
Unicode Standard Annexes.
Changes from Unicode Version 3.2 to Version 4.0.
New Characters Added.
Unicode Character Database Changes.
Changes Affecting Conformance.
Unicode Standard Annexes.
Errata.
G. Glossary.
R. References.
Source Standards and Specifications.
Source Dictionaries for Han Unification.
Other Sources for the Unicode Standard.
Selected Resources: Technical.
Selected Resources: Scripts and Languages.
I. Indices.
Unicode Names Index.
General Index.
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