Change of State: Information, Policy, and Power (Hardcover)
暫譯: 狀態變更:資訊、政策與權力 (精裝版)

Sandra Braman

  • 出版商: MIT
  • 出版日期: 2007-02-01
  • 售價: $1,520
  • 貴賓價: 9.8$1,490
  • 語言: 英文
  • 頁數: 569
  • 裝訂: Hardcover
  • ISBN: 0262025973
  • ISBN-13: 9780262025973
  • 立即出貨 (庫存=1)

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Description

As the informational state replaces the bureaucratic welfare state, control over information creation, processing, flows, and use has become the most effective form of power. In Change of State Sandra Braman examines the theoretical and practical ramifications of this "change of state." She looks at the ways in which governments are deliberate, explicit, and consistent in their use of information policy to exercise power, exploring not only such familiar topics as intellectual property rights and privacy but also areas in which policy is highly effective but little understood. Such lesser-known issues include hybrid citizenship, the use of "functionally equivalent borders" internally to allow exceptions to U.S. law, research funding, census methods, and network interconnection. Trends in information policy, argues Braman, both manifest and trigger change in the nature of governance itself.

After laying the theoretical, conceptual, and historical foundations for understanding the informational state, Braman examines 20 information policy principles found in the U.S Constitution. She then explores the effects of U.S. information policy on the identity, structure, borders, and change processes of the state itself and on the individuals, communities, and organizations that make up the state. Looking across the breadth of the legal system, she presents current law as well as trends in and consequences of several information policy issues in each category affected.

Change of State introduces information policy on two levels, coupling discussions of specific contemporary problems with more abstract analysis drawing on social theory and empirical research as well as law. Most important, the book provides a way of understanding how information policy brings about the fundamental social changes that come with the transformation to the informational state.

Sandra Braman is Professor in the Department of Communication, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. She is the editor of Communication Researchers and Policy-Making (MIT Press, 2003).

 

Table of Contents

List of Tables xv
 
 Preface xvii
 
 Note on Text xix
 
 Acknowledgments xxi
 
1. An Introduction to Information Policy 1
 
2. Forms and Phases of Power
The Bias of the Informational State 9
 
 Information 9
 
 Theoretical Pluralism 10
 
 A Taxonomy of Definitions 11
 
 Using the Taxonomy 20
 
 Power 23
 
 The Problematics of Power 24
 
 Forms of Power 25
 
 Phases of Power 27
 
 The State 28
 
 Problematics of the State 29
 
 The Nation 30
 
 The State 32
 
 A Typology of States by Form of Power 35
 
 Information Policy for the Informational State 37
 
3. Bounding the Domain
Information Policy for the Twenty-First Century 39
 
 The Definitional Problem 40
 
 History 41
 
 Premodern Information Policy 42
 
 Early Modern Information Policy 44
 
 Modern Information Policy 45
 
 The Contemporary Environment 48
 
 International Information Policy 54
 
 Confounding Factors 56
 
 Technology-Based Problems 56
 
 Practice-Based Problems 61
 
 Policy Process-Based Problems 62
 
 Issue Area-Based Problems 66
 
 Definitional Approaches 67
 
 Lists 67
 
 Legacy Legal Categories 68
 
 Industries 68
 
 Social Impact 69
 
 The Information Production Chain 69
 
 Bounding the Domain of Information Policy
An Analytical Approach 73
 
 Step 1. The Policy Issue and the Information Production Chain 74
 
 Step 2. Link Analytically to Related Information Policy Issues 75
 
 Step 3. Examine the Social Impact of Current Policy 76
 
 Step 4. Develop Policy Recommendations 77
 
 Step 5. Translate Recommendations into the Terms of Legacy Law 77
 
 Information Policy: Constitutive and Constitutional 77
 
4. Constitutional Principles and the Information Spaces They Create 79
 
 The Principles 81
 
 Principles in the Constitution 81
 
 The First Amendment 85
 
 Other Constitutional Amendments 87
 
 The Penumbra of the Constitution 89
 
 Constitutional Information Spaces 89
 
 Public versus Private 90
 
 Spaces Defined by Medium 96
 
 The Spaces of Expression 99
 
 The Spaces of Content 105
 
 The Spaces of Content Production 111
 
 Spaces Defined by Audience 113
 
 Spaces Defined by War and Peace 114
 
 Constitutional Principles and Their Limits 115
 
5. Information Policy and Identity 117
 
 Identity Theory 117
 
 Individual Identity 121
 
 Libel 121
 
 Privacy 126
 
 Identity of the Informational State 138
 
 The Census and Other Statistics 138
 
 Mapping 144
 
 Official Memory 148
 
 Mediating the Identities of the Individual and the Informational State 155
 
 Citizenship 155
 
 Language 160
 
 Education 162
 
 Mutually Constituted Identities of the Individual and the Informational State 166
 
6. Information Policy and Structure 167
 
 Theories of Structure 167
 
 Information Policy and Social Structure 173
 
 Antitrust 173
 
 Copyright 177
 
 Patents 187
 
 Association 191
 
 Information Policy and Technological Structure 193
 
 Interconnection 193
 
 Participatory Design 197
 
 Universal Service 199
 
 Information Policy and Informational Structure 205
 
 Access to Government Information 205
 
 Accounting Systems 208
 
 Metadata 215
 
 Information Policy and New Structural Formations 219
 
7. Information Policy and Borders 221
 
 Border Theory 221
 
 Borders of Social Systems 227
 
 Geopolitical Borders 228
 
 Trade in Services 234
 
 Borders of the Technological System 239
 
 Network Borders 240
 
 Export Controls 244
 
 Informational Borders 248
 
 Political Speech 248
 
 Arms Control Treaties 250
 
 Importing Knowledge Workers 254
 
 Border Rhetoric versus Border Realities 255
 
8. Information Policy and Change 259
 
 Theories of Change 259
 
 Information Policy and Change in Social Systems 264
 
 Freedom of Speech versus National Security 265
 
 The Vote 274
 
 Information Policy and Change in Technological Systems 278
 
 Direct Funding of Research 281
 
 Tax Credits 287
 
 Procurement 288
 
 Information Policy and Change in Information Systems 293
 
 The Arts 293
 
 Government Dissemination of Information 302
 
 Ambivalence and Inconsistency 310
 
9. Information, Policy, and Power in the Informational State 313
 
 The Social Impact of Information Policy Trends 314
 
 The Current Status of Constitutional Information Policy Principles 321
 
 The Nature of Information Policy 324
 
 Policy and Social Theory 326
 
 The Future of the Informational State 327
 
 Bibliographic Essays 329
 
 Notes 329
 
 1 An Introduction to Information Policy 329
 
 2 Forms and Phases of Power: The Bias of the Informational State 335
 
 3 Bounding the Domain: Information Policy for the Twenty-first Century 346
 
 4 Constitutional Principles and the Information Spaces They Create 349
 
 5 Information Policy and Identity 352
 
 6 Information Policy and Structure 369
 
 7 Information Policy and Borders 394
 
 8 Information Policy and Change 405
 
 References 419
 
 Index 525
 

商品描述(中文翻譯)

**描述**

隨著資訊國家取代官僚福利國家,對於資訊的創造、處理、流通和使用的控制已成為最有效的權力形式。在《國家變遷》中,Sandra Braman 探討了這一「國家變遷」的理論和實踐影響。她研究了政府如何在使用資訊政策行使權力時,表現出明確、一致的意圖,探索了不僅是知識產權和隱私等熟悉的主題,還包括一些政策效果顯著但鮮為人知的領域。這些較不為人知的問題包括混合公民身份、在國內使用「功能上等同的邊界」以允許對美國法律的例外、研究資金、人口普查方法和網絡互連。Braman 認為,資訊政策的趨勢既顯示出變化,也觸發了治理本質的變化。

在奠定了理解資訊國家的理論、概念和歷史基礎後,Braman 檢視了美國憲法中發現的20條資訊政策原則。接著,她探討了美國資訊政策對國家本身的身份、結構、邊界和變遷過程的影響,以及對構成國家的個人、社區和組織的影響。她從法律系統的廣度出發,呈現了當前法律以及在每個受影響類別中幾個資訊政策問題的趨勢和後果。

《國家變遷》在兩個層面上介紹了資訊政策,將具體當代問題的討論與基於社會理論和實證研究的更抽象分析相結合。最重要的是,這本書提供了一種理解資訊政策如何帶來隨著轉型為資訊國家而來的根本社會變化的方式。

Sandra Braman 是威斯康辛大學密爾沃基分校傳播系的教授。她是《傳播研究者與政策制定》(MIT Press, 2003)的編輯。

**目錄**

表格清單 xv
前言 xvii
文本說明 xix
致謝 xxi
1. 資訊政策導論 1
2. 權力的形式與階段
資訊國家的偏見 9
資訊 9
理論多元主義 10
定義的分類法 11
使用分類法 20
權力 23
權力的問題 24
權力的形式 25
權力的階段 27
國家 28
國家的問題 29
民族 30
國家 32
按權力形式分類的國家類型 35
資訊國家的資訊政策 37
3. 界定領域
21世紀的資訊政策 39
定義問題 40
歷史 41
前現代資訊政策 42
早期現代資訊政策 44
現代資訊政策 45
當代環境 48
國際資訊政策 54
混淆因素 56
基於技術的問題 56
基於實踐的問題 61
基於政策過程的問題 62
基於議題領域的問題 66
定義方法 67
清單 67
遺留法律類別 68
產業 68
社會影響 69
資訊生產鏈 69
界定資訊政策的領域
分析方法 73
步驟1. 政策問題與資訊生產鏈 74
步驟2. 分析性地連結相關資訊政策問題 75
步驟3. 檢視當前政策的社會影響 76
步驟4. 制定政策建議 77
步驟5. 將建議轉化為遺留法律的術語 77
資訊政策:構成性與憲法性 77
4. 憲法原則及其創造的資訊空間 79
原則 81
憲法中的原則 81
第一修正案 85
其他憲法修正案 87
憲法的陰影 89
憲法資訊空間 89
公共與私人 90
按媒介定義的空間 96
表達的空間 99
內容的空間 105
內容生產的空間 111
按受眾定義的空間 113
按戰爭與和平定義的空間 114
憲法原則及其限制 115
5. 資訊政策與身份 117
身份理論 117
個人身份 121
誹謗 121
隱私 126
資訊國家的身份 138
人口普查與其他統計 138
映射 144
官方記憶 148
調解個人與資訊國家的身份 155
公民身份 155
語言 160
教育 162
個人與資訊國家的相互構成身份 166
6. 資訊政策與結構 167
結構理論 167
資訊政策與社會結構 173
反壟斷 173
版權 177
專利 187
協會 191
資訊政策與技術結構 193
互連 193
參與式設計 197
普遍服務 199
資訊政策與資訊結構 205
獲取政府資訊 205
會計系統 208
元數據 215
資訊政策與新結構形成 219
7. 資訊政策與邊界 221
邊界理論 221
社會系統的邊界 227
地緣政治邊界 228
服務貿易 234
技術系統的邊界 239
網絡邊界 240
出口管制 244
資訊邊界 248
政治言論 248
軍備控制條約 250
引進知識工作者 254
邊界修辭與邊界現實 255
8. 資訊政策與變遷 259
變遷理論 259
資訊政策與社會系統的變遷 264
言論自由與國家安全 265
投票 274
資訊政策與技術系統的變遷 278
直接資助研究 281
稅收抵免 287
採購 288
資訊政策與資訊系統的變遷 293
藝術 293
政府資訊的傳播 302
矛盾與不一致 310
9. 資訊、政策與資訊國家的權力 313
資訊政策趨勢的社會影響 314
憲法資訊政策原則的當前狀況 321
資訊政策的本質 324
政策與社會理論 326
資訊國家的未來 327
書目論文 329
註釋 329
1 資訊政策導論 329
2 權力的形式與階段:資訊國家的偏見 335
3 界定領域:21世紀的資訊政策 346
4 憲法原則及其創造的資訊空間 349
5 資訊政策與身份 352
6 資訊政策與結構 369
7 資訊政策與邊界 394
8 資訊政策與變遷 405
參考文獻 419
索引 525