The Practice of System and Network Administration

Thomas A. Limoncelli, Christina J. Hogan

The Practice of System and Network Administration

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Description

Students need to know more than just what command to type to become a successful system administrator. This unique book discusses the fundamentals of the craft, and how to think about the problems that are posed. Through real-world examples the authors discuss the models that experienced system and network administrators use, but rarely document. From a series of philosophical and practical points, the authors, in mentor-like fashion, build a set of larger guides and teach how to think like an experienced sys admin. The "What To Do When" section will b of immense utility when students grapple with the many-sided issues faced in system and network administration. Students will gain an understanding of the role and responsibilities of the profession and learn the technical skills that are critical to the success of a system and network administrator.

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Table Of Contents

Preface.
Acknowledgments.
About the Authors.
Introduction.
Do These Now!
Use a Trouble-Ticket System.
Manage Quick Requests Right.
Start Every New Host in a Known State.

Conclusion.

I. THE PRINCIPLES.

1. Desktops.
The Basics.
Loading the System Software and Applications Initially.
Updating the System Software and Applications.
Network Configuration.
Dynamic DNS with DHCP.

The Icing.
High Confidence in Completion.
Involve Customers in the Standardization Process.
A Variety of Standard Configurations.

Conclusion.

2. Servers.
The Basics.
Buy Server Hardware for Servers.
Vendors Known for Reliable Products.
Does Server Hardware Really Cost More?
Maintenance Contracts and Spare Parts.
Data Backups.
Servers Live in the Data Center.
Same, Different, or a Stripped-Down OS on Clients.
Remote Administration Access.
Mirrored Root Disks.

The Icing.
Server Appliances.
Redundant Power Supplies.
Full and n + 1 Redundancy.
Hot-swap Components.
Separate Networks for Administrative Functions.

Opposing View: Many Inexpensive Workstations.
Conclusion.

3. Services.
The Basics.
Customer Requirements.
Operational Requirements.
Open Architecture.
Simplicity.
Vendor Relations.
Machine Independence.
Environment.
Restricted Access.
Reliability.
Single or Multiple Servers.
Centralization and Standards.
Performance.
Monitoring.
Service Rollout.

The Icing.
Dedicated Machines.
Full Redundancy.

Conclusion.

4. Debugging.
The Basics.
Learn the Customer's Problem.
Find the Problem's Cause and Fix It.
Have the Right Tools.

The Icing.
Better Tools.
Formal Training on the Tools.
End-to-End Understanding of the System.

Conclusion.

5. Fixing Things Once.
The Basics.
Fix Things Once, Rather Than Over and Over.
Avoid the Temporary Fix Trap.
Learning from Carpenters.

The Icing.
Conclusion.

6. Namespaces.
The Basics.
Namespaces Need Policies.
Namespaces Need Change Procedures.
Namespace Management Should Be Centralized.

The Icing.
One Huge Database That Drives Everything.
Further Automation.
Customers Do Many of the Updates.
Next-Level Namespace Ubiquity.

Conclusion.

7. Security Policy.
The Basics.
Build Security Using a Solid Infrastructure.
Ask the Right Questions.
Document the Company's Security Policies.
Basics for the Technical Staff.
Management and Organizational Issues.

The Icing.
Make Security Pervasive.
Stay Up-to-Date: Contacts and Technologies.
Produce Metrics.

Organization Profiles.
Small Company.
Medium-Size Company.
Large Company.
E-commerce Site.
University.

Conclusion.

8. Disaster Recovery and Data Integrity.
The Basics.
What Is a Disaster?
Risk Analysis.
Legal Obligations.
Damage Limitation.
Preparation.
Data Integrity.

The Icing.
Redundant Site.
Security Disasters.
Media Relations.

Conclusion.

9. Ethics.
The Basics.
Informed Consent.
Professional Code of Conduct.
Network/Computer User Code of Conduct.
Privileged Access Code of Conduct.
Copyright Adherence.
Working with Law Enforcement.

The Icing.
Setting Expectations on Privacy and Monitoring.
Being Told to Do Something Illegal/Unethical.

Conclusion.

II. THE PROCESSES.


10. Change Management and Revision Control.
The Basics.
Technical Issues.
Communications Structure.
Scheduling.
Process and Documentation.
Quiet Times.

The Icing.
Automated Front-Ends.
Change Management Meetings.
Streamline the Process.

Conclusion.

11. Server Upgrades.
The Basics.
The Steps in Detail.

The Icing.
Add and Remove Services at the Same Time.
Fresh Installs.
Reusing the Tests.
System Changelog.
A Dress Rehearsal.
Install Old and New Versions on the Same Machine.
Minimal Changes From the Base.

Conclusion.

12. Maintenance Windows.
The Basics.
Scheduling.
Planning.
Flight Director.
Change Proposals.
The Master Plan.
Disabling Access.
Mechanics and Coordination.
Deadlines for Change Completion.
Comprehensive System Testing.
Postmaintenance Communication.
Re-enable Remote Access.
Visible Presence the Next Morning.
Postmortem.

The Icing.
Mentoring a New Flight Director.
Trending of Historical Data.
Providing Limited Availability.

High-Availability Sites.
The Similarities.
The Differences.

Conclusion.

13. Service Conversions.
The Basics.
Small Groups First, Then Expand Communication.
Minimize Intrusiveness.
Layers Versus Pillars.
Avoid Flash-Cuts.
Successful Flash-Cuts.
Back-Out Plan.

The Icing.
Instant Roll-Back.
Avoid Explicit Conversions.
Vendor Support.

Conclusion.

14. Centralization and Decentralization.
The Basics.
Guiding Principles.
Candidates for Centralization.
Candidates for Decentralization.

The Icing.
Consolidate Purchasing.
Outsourcing.

Conclusion.

III. THE PRACTICES.


15. Helpdesks.
The Basics.
Have a Helpdesk.
A Friendly Face.
Staff Sizing.
Defined Scope of Coverage.
Defined Processes for Sta.
An Escalation Process.
Helpdesk Software.

The Icing.
Statistical Improvements.
Out of Hours and 24 x 7 Coverage.
Better Advertising for the Helpdesk.
Different "Desks" for Service Provision Versus Problem Resolution.

Conclusion.

16. Customer Care.
The Basics.
Ticket Tracking Software.
Phase A: The Greeting.
Phase B: Problem Identification ("What's Wrong?").
Phase C: Planning and Execution ("Fix It").
Phase D: Verification ("Verify It").
Perils of Skipping a Step.
Team of One.

The Icing.
Training Based on the Model.
The Single Point of Contact.
Increasing Customer Familiarity.
Special Announcements for Major Outages.
Trend Analysis.
Customers That Know the Process.
Architectural Decisions That Match the Process.

Conclusion.

17. Data Centers.
The Basics.
Picking a Location.
Access.
Security.
Power and Air.
Fire Suppression.
Racks.
Wiring.
Labeling.
Communication.
Console Servers.
Workbench.
Tools and Supplies.
Parking Spaces.

The Icing.
Greater Redundancy.
More Space.

Ideal Data Centers.
Tom's Dream Data Center.
Christine's Dream Data Center.

Conclusion.

18. Networks.
The Basics.
The OSI Model.
Clean Architecture.
Network Topologies.
Intermediate Distribution Frame.
Main Distribution Frame.
Demarcation Points.
Documentation.
Simple Host Routing.
Use Network Devices.
Overlay Networks.
Number of Vendors.
Standards-Based Protocols.
Monitoring.
Single Administrative Domain.

The Icing.
Leading-Edge Versus Reliability.
Multiple Administrative Domains.

Conclusion.

19. Email Service.
The Basics.
Privacy Policy.
Namespaces.
Reliability.
Simplicity.
Generality.
Automation.
Basic Monitoring.
Redundancy.
Scaling.
Security Issues.
Communication.

The Icing.
Encryption.
Backup Policy.
Advanced Monitoring.
High-Volume List Processing.

Conclusion.

20. Print Service.
The Basics.
Select the Level of Centralization.
Print Architecture Policy.
Designing the System.
Documentation.
Monitoring.
Environmental Issues.

The Icing.
Automatic Fail-Over and Load Balancing.
Dedicated Clerical Support.
Shredding.
Dealing with Printer Abuse.

Conclusion.

21. Backup and Restore.
The Basics.
Three Reasons for Restores.
The Backup Schedule.
Time and Capacity Planning.
Consumables Planning.
The Restore Process.
Backup Automation.
Centralization.
Tape Inventory.

The Icing.
Firedrills.
Backup Media and Off-Site Storage.
High DB Availability.
Technology Changes.

Conclusion.

22. Remote Access Service.
The Basics.
Remote Access Requirements.
Define a Remote Access Policy.
Define Service Levels.
Centralization.
Outsourcing.
Authentication.
Perimeter Security.

The Icing.
Home Office.
Cost Analysis and Reduction.
New Technologies.

Conclusion.

23. Software Depot Service.
The Basics.
Understand the Justification.
Understand the Technical Expectations.
Set the Policy.
Selecting Depot Software.
Create the Process Manual.
A Unix Example.
A Windows Example.

The Icing.
Different Configurations for Different Hosts.
Local Replication.
Including Commercial Software in the Depot.
Handling Second-Class Citizens.

Conclusion.

24. Service Monitoring.
The Basics.
Historical Data.
Real-Time Monitoring.

The Icing.
Accessibility.
Pervasive Monitoring.
Device Discovery.
End-to-End Tests.
Application Response Time Monitoring.
Scaling.

Conclusion.

IV. MANAGEMENT.


25. Organizational Structures.
The Basics.
Sizing.
Cost Centers.
Management Chain.
Appropriate Skills.
Infrastructure Teams.
Customer Support.
Helpdesk.
Outsourcing.

The Icing.
Consultants and Contractors.

Sample Organizational Structures.
Small Company.
Medium Company.
Large Company.
E-commerce Site.
Universities and Non-Profit Organizations.

Conclusion.

26. Perception and Visibility.
The Basics.
A Good First Impression.
Attitude, Perception, and Customers.
Align Your Priorities with Customer Expectations.
Be the System Advocate.

The Icing.
The System Status Web Page.
Management Meetings.
Be Visible.
Town Meetings.
Newsletters.
Mail to All Customers.
Lunch.

Conclusion.

27. Being Happy.
The Basics.
Organizing for Excellent Follow-Through.
Time Management.
Communication Skills.
Constant Professional Development.
Staying Technical.

The Icing.
Learn to Negotiate.
Loving Your Job.
Managing Your Manager.

Further Reading.
Conclusion.

28. A Guide for Technical Managers.
The Basics.
Responsibilities.
Working with Nontechnical Managers.
Working with Your Employees.
Decisions.

The Icing.
Make Your Team Even Stronger.
Sell Your Department to Senior Management.
Work on Your Own Career Growth.
Do Something You Enjoy.

Conclusion.

29. A Guide for Nontechnical Managers.
The Basics.
Morale.
Communication.
Sta Meetings.
Look for One-Year Plans.
Technical Staff and the Budget Process.
Professional Development.

The Icing.
Have a Five-Year Vision.
Meetings with Single Point of Contact.
Understand the Technical Staff's Work.

Conclusion.

30. Hiring System Administrators.
The Basics.
Job Description.
Skill Level.
Recruiting.
TimingIs Everything.
Team Considerations.
Select the Interview Team.
Interview Process.
Technical Interviewing.
Nontechnical Interviewing.
Sell the Position.
Employee Retention.

The Icing.
Get Noticed.

Conclusion.

31. Firing System Administrators.
The Basics.
Follow Your Corporate HR Policy.
Remove Physical Access.
Remove Remote Access.
Remove Service Access.
Fewer Access Databases.

The Icing.
A Single Authentication Database.
Monitoring System File Changes.

Conclusion.

Epilogue.
Appendix A. The Many Roles of a System Administrator.
Appendix B. What to Do When . . .
Appendix C. Acronyms.
Bibliography.
Index. 0201702711T08072001


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商品描述(中文翻譯)

描述

學生需要知道的不僅僅是成為成功系統管理員所需的命令，這本獨特的書討論了這門技藝的基本原理，以及如何思考所面臨的問題。通過真實世界的例子，作者們討論了有經驗的系統和網絡管理員使用但很少記錄的模型。從一系列哲學和實踐觀點出發，作者們以導師般的方式建立了一套更大的指南，並教授如何像有經驗的系統管理員一樣思考。當學生們在系統和網絡管理中面臨各種問題時，“該怎麼辦”部分將非常有用。學生將了解這個職業的角色和責任，並學習對系統和網絡管理員的成功至關重要的技術技能。

目錄

前言。
致謝。
關於作者。
引言。
現在就做這些！
使用故障單系統。
正確處理快速請求。
在已知狀態下啟動每個新主機。
結論。
第一部分：原則。
1. 桌面。
基礎知識。
最初加載系統軟件和應用程序。
更新系統軟件和應用程序。
網絡配置。
使用DHCP的動態DNS。
加上糖衣。
對完成有高度信心。
讓客戶參與標準化過程。
各種標準配置。
結論。
2. 服務器。
基礎知識。
為服務器購買服務器硬件。
以可靠產品聞名的供應商。
服務器硬件真的更貴嗎？
維護合同和備件。
數據備份。
服務器位於數據中心。
客戶端上的相同、不同或簡化的操作系統。
遠程管理訪問。
鏡像根磁盤。
加上糖衣。
服務器設備。
冗餘電源供應器。
完全冗餘和n + 1冗餘。
熱插拔組件。
用於管理功能的獨立網絡。
相反觀點：許多廉價工作站。
結論。
3. 服務。
基礎知識。
客戶要求。
運營要求。
開放式架構。
簡單性。
供應商關係。
機器獨立性。
環境。
受限訪問。
可靠性。
單個或多個服務器。
集中和標準化。
性能。
監控。
服務推出。
加上糖衣。
專用機器。
完全冗餘。
結論。
4. 調試。
基礎知識。
了解客戶的問題。
找到問題的原因並修復它。
擁有正確的工具。
加上糖衣。
更好的工具。
對工具進行正式培訓。
對系統的端到端理解。
結論。
5. 一次修復。
基礎知識。

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