The completely updated nontechnical telecom guide for business people and
other professionals.
- Advanced cellular networks
- Optical technologies
- Globalization
- Convergence
- The Internet
- Cable modems and DSL
In the past two years, the telecommunications industry has undergone major
changes. The Essential Guide to Telecommunications, Third Edition, is
your complete guide to the new realities of telecommunications. This new edition
reflects all of today's most critical issues, trends and technologies. In
addition to providing crucial insights into the fast-changing competitive
landscape, Annabel Dodd provides important information about the structure of,
and key players in, the industry.
The Essential Guide to Telecommunications, Third Edition will give you
an easy-to-comprehend, broad understanding of this fast-changing industry.
Coverage includes:
- Optical technologies expanded
- Advanced cellular networks: 2.5G and 3G standards
- Speech recognition, call centers and PBXs
- Comprehensive coverage of key players and the state of telecommunications
in Europe, Asia, and Latin America
- Updated and expanded coverage of the Internet and convergence
Table of Contents
Preface.
Acknowledgments.
I. FUNDAMENTALS.
1. Basic Concepts.
Analog and Digital. Analog Signals. Digital
Signals. Bauds, Bits, Bytes and Codes-Getting Down to Basics. Overview. Baud
Rate vs. Bits per Second-Electrical Signal Rates vs. Amount of Information Sent.
Codes-Adding Meaning to Bits. A Byte = A Character. Bandwidth-Measuring
Capacity. Narrowband vs. Wideband-Slow and Fast. Compression and Multiplexing.
Compression-Manipulating Data for More Capacity. Streaming Media.
Multiplexing-Let's Share. Protocols and Architectures. Architectures-A Framework
for Multiple Networks to Communicate. LANs, MANs and WANs. LANs-Local Area
Networks. LAN and WAN Devices. Home LANs-Sharing Printers and High-Speed
Internet Access-A Lack of Technical Support. MANs-Metropolitan Area Networks.
WANs-Wide Area Networks. Higher Speed Services for LAN Traffic. New Devices for
Carrier and Internet Service Provider Networks.
2. Telephone Systems, Peripherals and Cabling.
Telephone Systems-PBXs, Centrex and Key Systems.
What Is a PBX? PBX Trunks. Demarcation-The Location Where Telcos Wire Trunks.
PBX Telephones. Centrex-Telephone Company Supplied Service. Key Systems.
Wireless PBX and Key System Telephones-On-Site Mobility. Direct-Inward
Dialing-Bypassing the Operator for Incoming Calls. Convergence and Telephone
Systems. Add-on Peripherals for Key Systems, PBXs and Centrex Systems. Call
Accounting-Tracking Calls and Usage. ACDs-Specialized Equipment to Handle Large
Volumes of Calls. Network-Based ACD Functions. LAN/PBX/ACD Connectivity to
Enhance Productivity. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) for Call Centers.
Integrated Voice Response Units-Using the Telephone as a Computer Terminal.
Computer Telephony Integration (CTI)-Routing Callers More Intelligently. Media:
Wireless, Fiber and Unshielded Twisted Pair Copper. Wireless LANs. Electrical
Properties of Copper Cabling. Fiber Optic Cabling-High Capacity and High Costs.
II. INDUSTRY OVERVIEW.
3. The Bell System and Regulatory Affairs.
The Bell System Prior to and after 1984.
Divestiture of the Bell System from AT&T in 1984. Regional Bell Operating
Companies (RBOCs) after 1996. Transporting Calls Between Carriers. Local
Competition Prior to the Telecommunications Act of 1996. Uneven Competition for
Local Telephone Service Throughout the U.S. Competitive Access Providers (CAPs)
to Competitive Local Exchange Carriers (CLECs). The Evolving View of the
Feasibility of Local Competition. Factors Leading to Passage of the
Telecommunications Act of 1996. Regional Bell Companies' Desire to Expand Their
Offerings. Interexchange Carriers', Utility and Cable TV Companies' Desires to
Enter New Markets. Demand for High-Speed Telecommunications Services.
Technological Capabilities to Provide High-Speed Services at Low Costs. The
Viability of Wireless Services for Local Exchange Service. The Desire for a
Uniform National Policy on Local Competition. The Telecommunications Act of
1996. Major Features of the Act. Post Telecommunications Act of 1996
Developments. FCC Rulings, Legal Challenges and Progress Toward Deregulation.
Permission for RBOCs to Sell In-Region Long Distance. Unbundled Network Elements
(UNEs)-Competitors Leasing Parts of RBOCs' Networks. Fines Levied on Incumbents
for Failure to Provide Timely Access to Competitors. Reciprocal Payments. Local
Access Fees-A Shift in Balance Between Local and Long Distance Costs. Local
Number Portability. Creating an Equal Playing Field and Conserving Numbers. Four
Types of Telephone Number Portability. Impact of the Telecommunications Act of
1996. Appendix.
4. Network Service Providers and Local Competition.
Local Competition. Strategies for Entering the
Local Calling Market-Resale, Wireless, Cable TV and Construction of Facilities.
Carriers. Interexchange Carriers-IEXs. Bandwidth Trading: The Commoditization of
Bandwidth. Merchants-Managing Risk for Carriers. Exchanges-A Place to Make
Trades. Master Trading Agreements-Shortening the Transaction Cycle. Local
Service Providers. AT&T. Competitive Local Exchange Carriers (Integrated
Communications Providers). Resellers and Switchless Resellers. Building Local
Exchange Carriers (BLECs). Agents. Summary.
5. The Public Network.
Switched Services-Local and Long Distance
Calling. Attributes of Real-Time Switching Services. DTMF: Access to Voice Mail
and Computers. Store-and-Forward Switching-Nonsimultaneous Sending and
Receiving. Dedicated Services. Overview of Dedicated Services. Network
Topologies-The View from the Top. Declining Sales of Private Lines. Virtual
Private Networks-Connectivity for Remote Access, Intranets and Extranets. VPNs
(Virtual Private Networks) for Electronic Commerce. VPNs for Intranet Service.
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) for Remote Access. Security on Virtual Private
Networks. “The Last Mile” or Access Networks. End and Tandem Central Offices.
Digital Loop Carrier Systems-Fiber Optics and Copper Cabling in the Last Mile.
Carrier Hotels-Interconnecting Carriers and Providing Secure Space for
Equipment. Optical Networking. Passive Optical Networks. Optical Add and Drop
Multiplexers (OADM). Optical Cross Connects (OXC)-Optical Switches. Network
Intelligence and Signaling. Overview of Signaling. Background. Common Channel
Signaling, Efficiency and Redundancy. Signaling System 7-The Glue for Links
Between Carriers. SS7 Components. Convergence-Technical Advances Leading to
Improvements in IP Networks. Improvements in Routers. Digital Signal Processors
(DSPs). Voice Compression. Higher Capacity Networks-Optical Technologies.
Softswitches-Programmable Switches. The Quality of Service Issue for Voice over
IP. SS7 in Packet Networks. Examples of Converged Networks. Free Calls or Low
Priced Calls over the Internet. H.323-A Way to Make Telephone Calls over IP.
Prepaid Calls over the Internet. Document Sharing and Click to Talk. Document
Sharing. Summary.
III. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES, THE INTERNET AND WIRELESS.
6. Specialized Network Services.
T-1-24 Voice or Data Paths over One Telephone
Circuit. Channel Banks-Connecting T-1 to Analog PBXs and Central Offices. DS-0
and DS-1-64,000 or 56,000 vs. 1,544,000 bps. Media Used for T-1 Signals.
European vs. American and Japanese T-1-24 vs. 30 Channels. A Sampling of T-1
Configurations Using T-1 for Combining Voice, Fax, Video and Data. Fractional
T-1-When 24 Paths Are Not Required. T-3-The Capacity of 28 T-1 Lines, 672
Channels. An Explanation of Time Division Multiplexing and Its Limitations.
ISDN-Integrated Services Digital Network. Basic Rate Interface ISDN-Two Channels
at 64,000 Bit per Second. Primary Rate Interface ISDN-24 Channels. Digital
Subscriber Line Technology. Competitive local exchange carriers (CLECs) and DSL.
Incumbent Telephone Company DSL Offerings. DSLAMs-Digital Subscriber Line Access
Multiplexers. Obstacles to Digital Subscriber Line Availability-Cost, Ease of
Implementation and Availability. DSL Lite-Lower Cost Service. DSL-A Technical
Explanation. Frame Relay-A Shared Wide Area Network Service. Connections to
Frame Relay-Frame Relay Access Devices and Access Line Speeds. Frame Relay for
Transmitting Voice. Frame Relay Pricing-Ports, Circuits and Committed
Information Rate. Potential Congestion on Frame Relay. Interfacing Between
Carriers' Frame Relay Networks. Gigabit Ethernet-Ethernet over Fiber in
Metropolitan Areas. Gigabit Ethernet Providers-OLECs. Gigabit Ethernet Through
Partners. Gigabit Ethernet Availability. The Advantages of Using Ethernet. Speed
Options-Bandwidth on Demand. Gigabit Ethernet Features at Lower Prices. A Sample
Metropolitan Area Gigabit Ethernet Configuration. ATM-Asynchronous Transfer
Mode. Fixed-Sized Cells-Less Processing. Switching in Hardware-Less Address
Lookup. Asynchronous Switching-Improving Network Utilization. Bursting-Selling
More Than the Total Capacity. Scalability-The Ability to Use ATM for High- and
Low-Speed Applications and IP Traffic. Elements of an ATM Network.
SONET-Synchronous Optical Network. SONET Rings-For Greater Reliability.
Telephone Company SONET Offerings. SONET Connections to Wave Division
Multiplexers. Meshed Optical Technology-Lower Costs, More Suitable for Data than
SONET.
7. Analog, Cable TV and Digital Modems and Set-Top Boxes.
Transferring Data from Computers to Telephone
Lines. DCE-Connections to Telephone Lines. Modems-Analog Telephone Lines for
Transmitting Data from Digital Devices. Fax Modems. 56-Kbps Modems to Achieve
Higher Speeds. PCMCIA Modems-Smaller Is Better. NT1S-CONNECTING DEVICES TO AN
ISDN LINE. CSU/DSUs-Connecting Devices to a Digital Line. Cable Modems-Using
Cable TV Facilities for Data Communications. Reverse Channels for Two-Way Data
Communications. Cable Modems. Cable Modems for Business and for Remote Access.
Set-Top Boxes. Interoperable Set-Top Boxes. Digital Cable TV. Appendix: Modem
Standards.
8. The Internet.
The History of the Internet. Bulletin Board
Systems (BBSs). Who Runs the Internet? Who Owns the Internet? Peering-A Way to
Exchange Data Between Networks. Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) and
Caching-Solving the Problem of Bogged-Down Web Sites. Internet Services. The
World Wide Web-Linking and Graphics. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)-Formatting
Web Pages. Home Pages. Hosting-Computers Connected to the Internet with Home
Pages. Browsers-Moving from Web Site to Web Site. Email-Computers that Send,
Store and Receive Messages. Email Attachments-To Aid Collaborative Projects.
HTML Email as a Marketing Tool. Instant Messaging-Real-Time Text Chats. Internet
Service Providers, Application Service Providers and Portals. Dialup and
Dedicated Internet Access. Application Service Providers (ASPs). Portals-Content
as Well as Internet Access. Search Engines. Internet Addresses.
Registries-Management of Entire Top-Level Domains. Registrars. Numeric IP
Addresses. The Structure of Internet Addresses and Adding Capacity for More
Addresses. New Generic Top-Level Domains (gTLDs). Country Code Top-Level Domain
Names (ccTLDs). Electronic Commerce and Advertising on the Web. Advertising on
the Web-A Source of Revenue. Online Commerce-What Is Profitable and Sells?
Privacy on the World Wide Web. Opt-out vs. Opt-in-Different Approaches to
Protecting Privacy. Legal Issues. Post-Napster Music Industry Online Efforts.
The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)-Royalties for Radio over the
Internet. Anti-pornography Laws and Freedom of Speech. Filtering
Software-Policing Corporate Browsing and Email. Open Cable-Cable Companies as
Both ISPs and Network Service Providers. ISP Service for Cable TV. Open Cable
Service-Trialing Connections to Other IPS. Intranets and Extranets.
Intranets-Impact of Web Technology on Internal Operations. Extranets-Using
Internet Technology with Customers, Partners and Vendors. Security on the World
Wide Web- Establishing Trust. Public and Private Keys and Digital Certificates.
Firewalls and Tunneling. Making the Internet a Trusted Place to Do Business.
Conclusion.
9. Wireless Services.
Historical Background of Mobile and Cellular
Services. Spectrum Allocation. Spectrum for Higher Speed 3G Services. Cellular
Telephone Service-Technologies. Advanced Mobile Phone Services (AMPS).
Digital-Advanced Mobile Phone Service-D-AMPS. PCS-Personal Communications
Services. GSM Service. Specialized Mobile Frequencies for Voice-Nextel. Cellular
Vendors. Verizon Wireless. Cingular Wireless. AT&T Wireless. GSM Providers.
Sprint PCS. The Structure of Cellular Networks. The Cellular Market. Efforts to
Improve Service-Antenna Improvements. Health Concerns. Safety on the Road.
Privacy and Advertising Intrusions on Cellular E911. Called Party Pays-An
Impediment to Cellular Usage. Limited Mobility Wireless for Local Telephone
Service. Wireless Number Portability-Keeping the Same Number When Changing
Carriers. Limitations of Circuit-Switched Cellular for Data Communications.
CDPD-Cellular Digital Packet Data, IP Wireless. The Transition from Second to
Third Generation Cellular Networks. The Transition to W-CDMA - GPRS-Data Carried
as Packets in 2.5G Networks. EDGE-Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution.
Upgrades to W-CDMA from GSM-Costly. The Transition to cdma2000-1xRTT (First
Generation cdma2000) and HDR (High Data Rate). A Comparison Between W-CDMA and
cdma2000. Handsets for 3G and 2.5G Services. All-Packet Cellular Networks for
Voice and Data. 4G-Futures. Mobile Internet Access, Messaging Services and
Bluetooth. Mobile Commerce. Short Messaging Service (SMS). Bluetooth. The
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP). i-mode Service Worldwide. Specialized
Mobile Radio-Originally Voice, Later Data. Private Networks over Mobile Radio
Frequencies. Specialized Mobile Radio-Packetized Data Networks for Two-Way Email
and Field Services. Paging Services. Paging vs. Wireless Telephone Service.
Two-Way Paging Using Narrowband PCS. Satellites. VSAT Service-Small Satellite
Dishes. Vendors of LEOs. Time Division Multiple Access, GSM and Code Division
Multiple Access Air Interfaces. Code Division Multiple Access. Time Division
Multiple Access and GSM.
10. Globalization
The Impetus to Deregulate. Steps in
Deregulation. Challenges. Trends in Global Markets. Latin America. Brazil.
Mexico. Argentina. Impact of Poverty. Asia. China. Japan. The Internet. Cellular
Service. Europe. The European Union. Cellular Service. Germany. The United
Kingdom. France. Africa and the Middle East-Emerging Markets. Africa. The Middle
East. Conclusion.
Glossary.
Bibliography.
Index.
完全更新的非技術性電信指南,適合商業人士及其他專業人士。
- 先進的行動網路
- 光學技術
- 全球化
- 融合
- 網際網路
- 有線調變解調器和數位用戶線(DSL)
在過去兩年中,電信產業經歷了重大變化。《電信基本指南,第三版》是您了解電信新現實的完整指南。這一新版反映了當今所有最關鍵的議題、趨勢和技術。除了提供對快速變化的競爭環境的關鍵見解外,Annabel Dodd 還提供了有關行業結構和主要參與者的重要資訊。
《電信基本指南,第三版》將使您對這個快速變化的行業有一個易於理解的廣泛認識。內容包括:
- 擴展的光學技術
- 先進的行動網路:2.5G 和 3G 標準
- 語音識別、呼叫中心和 PBX
- 對歐洲、亞洲和拉丁美洲的主要參與者及電信狀況的全面覆蓋
- 更新和擴展的網際網路和融合的內容
目錄
前言。
致謝。
I. 基礎知識。
1. 基本概念。
類比與數位。類比信號。數位信號。波特率、位元、位元組和代碼——回到基礎。概述。波特率與每秒位元數——電信號速率與傳送資訊量的比較。代碼——為位元添加意義。一個位元組 = 一個字元。頻寬——測量容量。窄頻與寬頻——慢與快。壓縮與多工。壓縮——為了更多容量而操作數據。串流媒體。多工——讓我們共享。協議與架構。架構——多個網路之間溝通的框架。局域網(LAN)、城域網(MAN)和廣域網(WAN)。局域網——本地區域網路。局域網和廣域網設備。家庭局域網——共享印表機和高速網際網路接入——缺乏技術支持。城域網——都市區域網路。廣域網——廣域網路。為局域網流量提供更高速度的服務。運營商和網際網路服務提供商網路的新設備。
2. 電話系統、外圍設備和布線。
電話系統——PBX、Centrex 和關鍵系統。什麼是 PBX?PBX 中繼線。劃分——電信公司布線的地點。PBX 電話。Centrex——電話公司提供的服務。關鍵系統。無線 PBX 和關鍵系統電話——現場移動性。直接內部撥號——繞過操作員接聽來電。融合與電話系統。關鍵系統、PBX 和 Centrex 系統的附加外圍設備。通話計費——追蹤通話和使用情況。自動呼叫分配(ACD)——處理大量通話的專用設備。基於網路的 ACD 功能。局域網/PBX/ACD 連接以提高生產力。客戶關係管理(CRM)用於呼叫中心。集成語音響應單元——將電話用作計算機終端。計算機電話集成(CTI)——更智能地路由來電。媒介:無線、光纖和無屏蔽雙絞線銅線。無線局域網。銅線布線的電氣特性。光纖布線——高容量和高成本。
II. 行業概述。
3. 貝爾系統與監管事務。
1984 年之前和之後的貝爾系統。1984 年貝爾系統從 AT&T 的剝離。1996 年之後的區域貝爾運營公司(RBOCs)。在運營商之間傳輸通話。1996 年電信法之前的本地競爭。美國本地電話服務的不平衡競爭。競爭接入提供商(CAPs)與競爭本地交換運營商(CLECs)。對本地競爭可行性的演變觀點。促成 1996 年電信法通過的因素。區域貝爾公司擴大其服務的願望。長途運營商、公用事業和有線電視公司進入新市場的願望。對高速電信服務的需求。以低成本提供高速服務的技術能力。無線服務作為本地交換服務的可行性。對本地競爭統一國家政策的渴望。1996 年電信法。該法的主要特徵。1996 年電信法後的發展。FCC 裁決、法律挑戰和走向放鬆管制的進展。允許 RBOCs 在區域內銷售長途服務。非捆綁網路元素(UNEs)——競爭者租用 RBOCs 網路的部分。對於未能及時提供競爭者接入的現有運營商處以罰款。互惠支付。本地接入費用——本地與長途成本之間的平衡轉變。本地號碼可攜性。創造公平競爭環境和保護號碼。四種電話號碼可攜性。1996 年電信法的影響。附錄。
4. 網路服務提供商與本地競爭。
本地競爭。進入本地通話市場的策略——轉售、無線、有線電視和設施建設。運營商。長途運營商(IEXs)。頻寬交易:頻寬商品化。商人——為運營商管理風險。交易所——進行交易的地方。主交易協議——縮短交易周期。本地服務提供商。AT&T。競爭本地交換運營商(綜合通信提供商)。轉售商和無交換轉售商。建設本地交換運營商(BLECs)。代理。總結。
5. 公共網路。
交換服務——本地和長途通話。即時交換服務的特徵。DTMF:訪問語音信箱和計算機。存儲轉發交換——非同步發送和接收。專用服務。專用服務概述。網路拓撲——從上方的視角。專線銷售下降。虛擬專用網路——遠程訪問、內部網路和外部網路的連接。電子商務的虛擬專用網路(VPN)。內部網路服務的 VPN。遠程訪問的虛擬專用網路(VPN)。虛擬專用網路的安全性。“最後一英里”或接入網路。終端和中繼中央辦公室。數位迴路承載系統——光纖和銅線在最後一英里。運營商酒店——互連運營商並為設備提供安全空間。光學網路。被動光學網路。光學加減多工器(OADM)。光學交叉連接(OXC)——光學開關。網路智能和信號。信號概述。背景。公共信道信號、效率和冗餘。信號系統 7——運營商之間連接的粘合劑。SS7 組件。融合——技術進步導致 IP 網路的改善。路由器的改進。數位信號處理器(DSP)。語音壓縮。更高容量的網路——光學技術。軟交換機——可編程開關。IP 語音的服務質量問題。SS7 在封包網路中的應用。融合網路的例子。透過網際網路免費通話或低價通話。H.323——透過 IP 進行電話通話的一種方式。透過網際網路的預付費通話。文件共享和點擊通話。文件共享。總結。
III. 先進技術、網際網路和無線。
6. 專業網路服務。
T-1——透過一個電話電路的 24 條語音或數據通道。通道銀行——將 T-1 連接到類比 PBX 和中央辦公室。DS-0 和 DS-1——64,000 或 56,000 vs. 1,544,000 bps。用於 T-1 信號的媒介。歐洲與美國和日本的 T-1——24 vs. 30 通道。使用 T-1 組合語音、傳真、視頻和數據的 T-1 配置示例。分數 T-1——當不需要 24 條通道時。T-3——28 條 T-1 線的容量,672 通道。時間分割多工及其限制的解釋。ISDN——綜合服務數位網路。基本速率接口 ISDN——每秒 64,000 位元的兩個通道。主要速率接口 ISDN——24 個通道。數位用戶線技術。競爭本地交換運營商(CLECs)和 DSL。現有電話公司提供的 DSL 服務。DSLAM——數位用戶線接入多工器。數位用戶線可用性的障礙——成本、實施的便利性和可用性。DSL Lite——低成本服務。DSL——技術解釋。幀中繼——共享的廣域網服務。幀中繼的連接——幀中繼接入設備和接入線速率。幀中繼用於傳輸語音。幀中繼定價——端口、電路和承諾資訊速率。幀中繼的潛在擁擠。運營商幀中繼網路之間的介面。千兆以太網——在都市區域的光纖以太網。千兆以太網提供商——OLECs。透過合作夥伴的千兆以太網。千兆以太網的可用性。使用以太網的優勢。速度選項——按需頻寬。千兆以太網在更低價格下的特徵。都市區域千兆以太網配置示例。ATM——非同步傳輸模式。固定大小的單元——較少的處理。硬體切換——較少的地址查找。非同步切換——改善網路利用率。突發——銷售超過總容量。可擴展性——在高速和低速應用及 IP 流量中使用 ATM 的能力。ATM 網路的要素。SONET——同步光網路。SONET 環——為了更高的可靠性。電話公司提供的 SONET 服務。SONET 與波分多工器的連接。網狀光技術——成本較低,更適合數據而非 SONET。
7. 類比、有線電視和數位調變解調器及機上盒。
將數據從計算機傳輸到電話線。DCE——與電話線的連接。調變解調器——用於從數位設備傳輸數據的類比電話線。傳真調變解調器。56-Kbps 調變解調器以實現更高速度。PCMCIA 調變解調器——小型化更佳。NT1S——將設備連接到 ISDN 線。CSU/DSU——將設備連接到數位線。有線調變解調器——利用有線電視設施進行數據通信。反向通道用於雙向數據通信。有線調變解調器。商業和遠程訪問用的有線調變解調器。機上盒。可互操作的機上盒。數位有線電視。附錄:調變解調器標準。
8. 網際網路。
網際網路的歷史。公告欄系統(BBSs)。誰在運行網際網路?誰擁有網際網路?對等——在網路之間交換數據的一種方式。內容傳遞網路(CDNs)和快取——解決網站過載的問題。網際網路服務。全球資訊網——鏈接和圖形。超文本標記語言(HTML)——格式化網頁。首頁。託管——連接到網際網路的計算機及其首頁。瀏覽器——從一個網站移動到另一個網站。電子郵件——發送、存儲和接收消息的計算機。電子郵件附件——協助協作項目。HTML 電子郵件作為營銷工具。即時消息——實時文本聊天。網際網路服務提供商、應用服務提供商和門戶網站。撥號和專用網際網路接入。應用服務提供商(ASPs)。門戶網站——內容。